A method of intracellular delivery

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to a method of intracellular delivery of a molecule employing a GLA domain to facilitate entry into the cell.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/554,530 filed Sep. 5, 2017, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/554,533 filed Sep. 5, 2017, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/569,403 filed Oct. 6, 2017, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/569,411 filed Oct. 6, 2017, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/584,565 filed Nov. 10, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/593,014 filed Nov. 30, 2017, each of which applications is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTING

This application contains a sequence listing submitted electronically via EFS-web, which serves as both the paper copy and the computer readable form (CRF) and consists of a file entitled “ST-CT2-PCT_sequence.txt”, which was created on Sep. 5, 2018, which is 9,831 bytes in size, and which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The present disclosure relates to a method of intracellular delivery of a molecule employing a GLA domain to facilitate entry into the cell.

BACKGROUND

GLA domains are contained in a number of GLA proteins, such as Thrombin, Factor VII, Factor IX, Factor X, Protein C, Protein S (PrS), Protein Z, Osteocalcin, Matrix GLA protein, GAS6, Transthretin, Periostin, Proline rich GLA 1, Proline rich GLA 2, Proline rich GLA 3 and Proline rich GLA 4.

The GLA domains of so-called GLA proteins are able to bind phosphatidylserine (PtdS also referred to as PS) on the surface of apoptotic cells, such as cancer cells and pathogen infected cells. Molecules excluding the catalytic domain, which specifically bind phosphatidylserine are disclosed in WO2014/151535 and WO2014/151683, incorporated herein by reference.

GLA domains (Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation/gamma-carboxyglutamic) are protein domains which have been modified by vitamin K dependent post-translational carboxylation of glutamate residues in the amino sequence to provide gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla).

The GLA domain binds calcium ions by chelating them between two carboxylic acid residues. These residues are part of a region that starts at the N-terminal extremity of the mature form of Gla proteins, and that ends with a conserved aromatic residue. This results in a conserved Gla-x(3)-Gla-x-Cys motif that is found in the middle of the domain, and which seems to be important for substrate recognition by the carboxylase.

Annexin V also binds phosphatidylserine and is thought to internalize in the cell. This is due to the trimeric structure of Annexin V deforming the cell membrane and opening a novel portal of cell entry, see for example Kenis et al The Journal of Biological Chemistry Vol 279, No. 50, Issue of December 10, pp. 52623-52629, 2004. Interestingly monomeric mutants of Annexin V don't internalize in the cell. However, surprisingly the present inventors have established that certain constructs comprising a GLA domain can be employed to rapidly transport molecules, even relatively large molecules, inside a cell, even though the molecules of the present disclosure are monomeric.

The molecules of the present disclosure don't bind in the same way as Annexin V. The present inventors have evidence to suggest that the GLA-components don't have the same binding profile as Annexin V. Thus, there are nuances in respect of targeting phosphatidylserine.

This has important implications for therapeutic and/or diagnostic uses because known and existing drugs and effector/reporter molecules can be delivered more effectively, for example increasing efficacy and/or reducing off-target effects.

In addition, therapeutic agents may be provided in a “pro” form that is only activated inside cells, which may increase the therapeutic window and, for example allow larger doses to be delivered and/or may further reduce off target effects.

Additionally, intracellular pathogens, for example viruses, bacteria (such as a tuberculosis) and parasites (such as plasmodium) may be targeted more effectively than previously possible. Intracellular pathogens have traditionally been very difficult to treat effectively because once inside the cell they are protected by the cells defense mechanisms.

In addition the method of the present disclosure allows intracellular targets to be labelled, accessed and/or monitored.

Furthermore, intra-cellular delivery of cancer treatments “selectively” to cancer cells is likely to severely stress those cells and force cell death, for example via apoptosis or necrosis. It is difficult for cancer cells to be resistant to physical internal attacks that stress them. Thus, the technology of the present disclosure is likely to positively impact the treatment of cancer.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure will now be summarised in the paragraphs below:

-   1a. A method of intra-cellular delivery of a payload said method     comprising the step of contacting cells with a molecule comprising a     payload linked to a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid component     (GLA-component) wherein said GLA-component comprises a GLA domain or     an active fragment thereof, and does not comprise an active     catalytic domain from a GLA protein. -   1b. A molecule comprising a payload linked to a     gamma-carboxyglutamic acid component (GLA-component)     -   wherein said GLA-component comprises a GLA domain or an active         fragment thereof and does not comprise an active catalytic         domain from a GLA protein, wherein said molecule is for use in         intracellular treatment and/or diagnostic. -   1c. A molecule comprising a payload linked to a     gamma-carboxyglutamic acid component (GLA-component)     -   wherein said GLA-component comprises a GLA domain or an active         fragment thereof and does not comprise an active catalytic         domain from a GLA protein,     -   wherein said molecule is for use the manufacture of a medicament         for intracellular treatment and/or diagnostic. -   2. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 1a, 1b or     1c, wherein GLA domain or active fragment thereof is independently     selected from thrombin, factor VII, factor IX, factor X, protein C,     protein S, protein Z, Osteocalcin, Matrix GLA protein, GAS6,     Transthretin, Periostin, Proline rich GLA 1, Proline rich GLA 2,     Proline rich GLA 3 and Proline rich GLA 4. -   3. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 2, wherein     GLA domain or active fragment thereof is independently selected from     thrombin, factor VII, factor IX, factor X, protein C, protein S,     protein Z and GAS6, for example protein S, in particular comprising     a sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. -   4. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of paragraphs     1a, 1b or 1c to 3, wherein the GLA-component further comprises an     EGF domain, for example a calcium binding EGF domain. -   5. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 4, wherein     the EGF domain is selected from thrombin, factor VII, factor IX,     factor X, protein C, protein S, protein Z, Osteocalcin, Matrix GLA     protein, GAS6, Transthretin, Periostin, Proline rich GLA 1, Proline     rich GLA 2, Proline rich GLA 3 and Proline rich GLA 4. -   6. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 5, wherein     the EGF domain selected from thrombin, factor VII, factor IX, factor     X, protein C, protein S, protein Z and GAS6, for example protein S. -   7. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of paragraphs     1a, 1b or 1c to 6, wherein the GLA-component comprises a sequence     shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 or a derivative thereof which excludes the     his-tag, in particular SEQ ID NO: 6. -   8. A method or a molecule for use according to any of paragraphs 1a,     1b or 1c to 7, wherein the GLA-domain component further comprises a     Kringle domain. -   9. A method or a molecule for use according to claim 8, wherein the     Kringle domain is from a protein selected from the group comprising     Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF); Factor XII (F12); thrombin     (F2); Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 (HABP2); Hepatocyte growth factor     (HGF); Hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFAC); Kremen protein 1     (KREMEN1); KREMEN2; Lipoprotein(a) (LPA); LPAL2;     Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP or MST1);     Phosphoinositide-3-kinase-interacting protein 1 (PIK3IP1); Tissue     plasminogen activator (PLAT); Urokinase (PLAU); Plasmin (PLG);     PRSS12; Tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor ROR1 (ROR1);     and Tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor ROR2 (ROR2). -   10. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 1a, 1b or 1c to 9, wherein the method is performed in     vitro. -   11. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 1 to 9, wherein the intracellular delivery is to a cell     in vivo, for example wherein the molecule comprising the GLA     component and the payload are administered to a patient. -   12. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 1a, 1b, 1 c to 11, wherein the cell is non-apoptotic. -   13. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 1a, 1b, 1 c to 11, wherein the cell is apoptotic, for     example a diseases cell, such as a cancer cell, a pathogen infected     cell, such as a virus infected cell, a bacteria infected cell or a     parasite-infected cells. -   14. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 1a, 1b or 1c to 13, wherein the cell is a stem cell, such     adult stems cells including progenitor cells. -   15. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 14, where     the stem cell has a surface marker CD34. -   16. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 14 or 15,     wherein the stem cell is a cancer stem cell. -   17. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 14 to 16, wherein the stem cell is a haemotopoietic stem     cell, including a haemotopoietic cancer stem cell. -   18. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 17,     wherein the hematopoietic stem cell is non-cancerous. -   19. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 1a, 1b or 1c to 18, wherein the GLA-component is     conjugated to a payload. -   20. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 1a, 1b or 1c to 19, wherein the payload comprises a drug     or a biological therapeutic, for example, an anti-viral drug,     anti-bacterial drug, anti-parasitic agent, anti-cancer drug, an     anti-cancer therapy or a chemotherapeutic agent, a virus or viral     vector (such as an oncolytic virus). -   21. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 1a, 1b or 1c to 20, wherein the payload comprises is     selected from a toxin, a polymer(for example synthetic or naturally     occurring polymers), biologically active proteins (for example     enzymes, other antibody or antibody fragments), a drug (small     molecule (chemical entity)) a chemotherapeutic agent, radionuclides     (particularly radioiodide, radioisotopes such as ^(99m)Tc) a metal     chelating agent, nanoparticles and reporter groups (such as     fluorescent or luminescent labels or compounds which may be detected     by NMR or ESR spectroscopy). -   22. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 21,     wherein the toxin is selected from an auristatin (for example MMAE     (monomethyl auristatin E), MMAF (monomethyl auristatin F)),     pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD), doxorubicin, duocarmycin, a     maytansinoid (for example N 2′-deacetyl-N     2′-(3-mercapto-1-oxopropyl)-maytansine (DM1), N 2′-deacetyl-N     2′-(4-mercapto-1-oxopentyl)-maytansine (DM3) and N 2′-deacetyl-N     2′(4-methyl-4-mercapto-1-oxopentyl)-maytansine (DM4)),     calocheamicin, dolastatin, maytansine, α-amanitin, Pseudomonas     exotoxin (PE38), ricin A chain, diphtheria toxin, Pokeweed antiviral     protein (PAP), saporin, gelonin and a tubulysin. -   23. A method or a molecule for use according paragraph 20 or 21,     wherein the chemotherapeutic is selected from temozolomide,     epothilones, melphalan, carmustine, busulfan, lomustine,     cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, polifeprosan, ifosfamide,     chlorambucil, mechlorethamine, busulfan, cyclophosphamide,     carboplatin, cisplatin, thiotepa, capecitabine, streptozocin,     bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide, leuprolide acetate, doxorubicin     hydrochloride, bleomycin sulfate, daunorubicin hydrochloride,     dactinomycin, liposomal daunorubicin citrate, liposomal doxorubicin     hydrochloride, epirubicin hydrochloride, idarubicin hydrochloride,     mitomycin, doxorubicin, valrubicin, anastrozole, toremifene citrate,     cytarabine, fluorouracil, fludarabine, floxuridine, interferon α-2b,     plicamycin, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, interferon α-2a,     medroxyprogersterone acetate, estramustine phosphate sodium,     estradiol, leuprolide acetate, megestrol acetate, octreotide     acetate, deithylstilbestrol diphosphate, testolactone, goserelin     acetate, etoposide phosphate, vincristine sulfate, etoposide,     vinblastine, etoposide, vincristine sulfate, teniposide,     trastuzumab, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, rituximab, exemestane,     irinotecan hydrocholride, asparaginase, gemcitabine hydrochloride,     altretamine, topotecan hydrochloride, hydroxyurea, cladribine,     mitotane, procarbazine hydrochloride, vinorelbine tartrate,     pentrostatin sodium, mitoxantrone, pegaspargase, denileukin     diftitix, altretinoin, porfimer, bexarotene, paclitaxel, docetaxel,     arsenic trioxide, tretinoin and combinations of two or more of the     same. -   24. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 20 to 23, wherein the chemotherapeutic is selected from     an alkylating agent, an antimetabolite including thymidylate     synthase inhibitors, a taxane, an anthracycline, an anti-microtubule     agent including plant alkaloids, and combinations of two or more of     the same. -   25. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 24,     wherein the chemotherapeutic is selected from paclitaxel, docetaxel,     abraxane, carbazitaxel, derivatives of any one of the same, and     combinations of two or more of any of the aforementioned. -   26. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 24 or 25,     wherein the alkylating agent is selected from a nitrogen mustard, a     nitrosourea, a tetrazine, a aziridine, a platin and derivatives     thereof, a non-classical alkylating agent and a combination of two     or more of the same. -   27. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 26, where     the platin is selected from cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin,     satraplatin, picoplatin, nedaplatin, triplatin, lipoplatin and a     combination of two or more of the same. -   28. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 24 to 27, wherein the alkylating is an antimetabolite     selected from anti-folates (for example methotrexate and     pemetrexed), purine analogues (for example thiopurines, such as     azathiopurine, mercaptopurine, thiopurine, fludarabine (including     the phosphate form), pentostatin and cladribine), pyrimidine     analogues (for example fluoropyrimidines, such as 5-fluorouracil and     prodrugs thereof such as capecitabine [Xeloda®]), floxuridine,     gemcitabine, cytarabine, decitabine, raltitrexed(tomudex)     hydrochloride, cladribine and 6-azauracil and combination of two or     more thereof. -   29. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 23 to 28, wherein the anthracycline is selected from     daunorubicin (Daunomycin), daunorubicin (liposomal), doxorubicin     (Adriamycin), doxorubicin (liposomal), epirubicin, idarubicin,     mitoxantrone and a combination of two or more thereof, in particular     doxorubicin. -   30. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 20 to 29, wherein the drug is an anti-cancer drug, for     example selected from a topoisomerase inhibitor, a PARP inhibitor     and a combination of or more of the same. -   31. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 20 to 30, wherein the anti-cancer therapy is a     radionuclide, for example selected from Y-90, P-32, I-131, In-111,     Sr-89, Re-186, Sm-153, Sn-117m and a combination of two or more of     the same. -   32. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 1a, 1b or 1c to 31, which comprises administering the     molecule comprising the GLA component and payload to a cancer     patient. -   33. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 32,     wherein the cancer is an epithelial cancer, for example colorectal     cancer, testicular cancer, liver cancer, biliary tract cancer,     glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast     cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, gastric     cancer, oesophageal cancer, thyroid cancer, renal cancer, bladder     cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer or lung cancer or     alternatively the cancer may be a haematological cancer, for example     leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma and chronic myeloproliferative     diseases, such as AML, ALL, CML and CLL. -   34. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 20 to 33 wherein the drug is an antiviral agent, an     anti-parasitic agent or an antibacterial agent. -   35. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 34,     wherein antibacterial agent is selected from a penicillin, a     cephalosporin, a carbapenems, a polymyxin, a rifamycin, a     lipiarmycin, a quinolone, a sulfonamide, a macrolide, a lincosamide,     a tetracycline, an aminoglycoside, a cyclic lipopeptides (such as     daptomycin), a glycylcyclines (such as tigecycline), oxazolidinones     (such as linezolid), and a lipiarmycins (such as fidaxomicin). -   36. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 34 or 35,     which comprises administering the molecule comprising the GLA     component and payload a patient for a bacterial infection selected     from Acinetobacter including multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter,     Candida including fluconazole resistant Candida; Campylobacter     including Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and drug     resistant forms of any one of the same; Clamidia; Clostridium     botulinum; Clostridium difficile; Citrobacter; Enterobacteriaceae     (including carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae and extended     spectrum Enterobacteriaceae, in particular Enterobacter, Escherichia     coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella (non-typhoidal and typhi, and     drug resistant forms of any one of the same) Serratia, Shigella     (including drug resistant forms thereof), Yersinia persitis,)     Enterococcus including vancomycin resistant Enterococcus; Gonorrhea     including Neisseria Gonorrhoeae; Listeria moncytogenes;     Mycobacterium Tuberculosis including drug resistant forms thereof;     Pseudomonas including Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, in particular     multi-drug resistant forms thereof; Staphylococcus (for example     Staphylococcous aureus in particular methicillin resistant forms of     any one of the same), Streptococcus (such as cellulitis,     folliculitis, impetigo, boils and pneumonic from Streptococcus     pneumonia (in particular drug resistant Streptococcus pneumonia);     Syphilis; and Vibrio. -   37. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of paragraph     34 to 36, wherein the antibacterial agent is selected from     pyrazinamide, ethambutol, rifabutin, kanamycin, amikacin,     capreomycin, streptomoycin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin,     para-aminosalicyclic, cycloserine, terizidone, thionamde,     protionamide, clofazimine, linezolid, amoxicillin/clavuanate,     thioacetazone, imipenem/cilastatin, high dose isoniazid,     clarithromycin and combinations of two or more of the same. -   38. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 37, which     comprises administering the molecule comprising the GLA-component     and payload to a tuberculosis patient, including were the     tuberculosis is resistant. -   39. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 38,     wherein the patient has latent TB patient. -   40. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 39,     wherein the patient has active TB patient. -   41. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of claims 38     to 40, wherein the TB patient has a co-morbidity, for example a     parasitic and/or viral infection. -   42. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 34 to 41, wherein the antibacterial agent is a     metronidazole. -   43. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 20 to 42, wherein the drug is an antiviral agent. -   44. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 42, where     in the antiviral agent is selected from the group Abacavir,     Aciclovir, Acyclovir, Adefovir, Amantadine, Amprenavir, Ampligen,     Arbidol, Atazanavir, Atripla, Boceprevirertet, Cidofovir, Combivir,     Darunavir, Delavirdine, Didanosine, Docosanol, Edoxudine, Efavirenz,     Emtricitabine, Enfuvirtide, Entecavir, Entry inhibitors,     Famciclovir, Favipiravir, Fomivirsen, Fosamprenavir, Foscarnet,     Fosfonet, Ganciclovir, Ibacitabine, Imunovir, Idoxuridine,     Imiquimod, Indinavir, Inosine, Integrase inhibitor, Interferon type     III, Interferon type II, Interferon type I, Interferon, Lamivudine,     Lopinavir, Loviride, Maraviroc, Moroxydine, Methisazone, Nelfinavir,     Nevirapine, Nexavir, Nucleoside analogues, Oseltamivir,     Peginterferon alfa-2a, Penciclovir, Peramivir, Pleconaril,     Podophyllotoxin, Protease inhibitor, Raltegravir, Reverse     transcriptase inhibitor, Ribavirin, Rimantadine, Ritonavir,     Pyramidine, Saquinavir, Stavudine, Synergistic enhancer     (antiretroviral), Tea tree oil, Telaprevir, Tenofovir, Tenofovir     disoproxil, Tipranavir, Trifluridine, Trizivir, Tromantadine,     Truvada, Valaciclovir, Valganciclovir, Vicriviroc, Vidarabine,     Viramidine, Zalcitabine, Zanamivir, Zidovudine and combinations     thereof. -   45. A method or a molecule for use according to paragraph 43 or 44,     wherein the viral infection is respiratory syncytial virus or     influenza virus, for example influenza virus A (such as H1N1, H2N2,     H3N2, H5N1, H7N7, H1N2, H9N2, H7N2, H7N3, H10N7, and H7N9),     influenza virus B or influenza virus C or influenza virus, for     example influenza virus A (such as H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7,     H1N2, H9N2, H7N2, H7N3, H10N7, and H7N9), influenza virus B or     influenza virus C or influenza virus, for example influenza virus A     (such as H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7, H1N2, H9N2, H7N2, H7N3,     H10N7, and H7N9), influenza virus B or influenza virus C. -   46. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 34 to 45, wherein the anti-parasitic agent is selected     from antimalarial drugs (such as quinine and related agents,     choloroquine, amodiaquine, pyrimethamine, proguanil, sulphonamides,     mefloquine, atovaquone, primaquine, aremisinin and derivates     thereof, halofantrine, doxycycline, clindamycin), sulfadiazine,     tinidazole, paromomycin (which may be used for the treatment of     including amebiasis, giardiasis, leishmaniasis and tapeworm) and     combination so two or more of the same. -   47. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of paragraph     46, which comprises administering the molecule comprising the GLA     component and payload to a malaria patient. -   48. A method or a molecule for use according to any one of     paragraphs 1 to 47, wherein the payload is converted to an active     form inside the cell. -   49. A method according to paragraph 48, wherein conversion to the     active form is performed by an enzyme. -   50. A method or a molecule according to paragraph 49, wherein the     enzyme is selected from a carboxylesterase, acetylecholinesterase,     paraoxonase (such as paraoxonase 2), matrix metalloproteases,     alkaline phosphatase, β-glucuronidase, purine-nucleoside     phosphorylase, beta-lactamase (for example produced by Mycobacterium     tuberculosis and kansasii) and cytosine deminase.

In one embodiment the GLA-component binds surface exposed phosphatidylserine on the cells, before internalisation.

Whilst not wishing to be bound by theory the present inventors believe that not all phosphatidylserine is equivalent from a biological perspective. The inventors believe that the phosphatidylserine exposes by the enzyme TMEM16F is involved in immune suppression and is the one “seen” by the molecules of the present disclosure.

In one embodiment the cell is an apoptotic cell (i.e. sick, damaged, abnormal and/or infected cell).

In one embodiment the GLA-component is a stem cell, for example a non-apoptotic cell.

Thus, in one embodiment the molecules disclosed in the present disclosure are employed in the treatment of an intra-cellular pathogen.

The present disclosure also extends to the use of a GLA-component comprises a GLA domain or an active fragment thereof, wherein said GLA-component does not comprise an active catalytic domain from a GLA protein, for intracellular targeting and delivery (including intracellular delivery of the payload).

The absence of the catalytic domain appears to allow the entry of the molecule into the cell. The presence of the catalytic domain prevents entry into the cell and stimulates natural biological mechanisms that prevent the molecule being useful for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.

The present disclosure also extends to the use of a GLA-component comprises a GLA domain or an active fragment thereof, wherein said GLA-component does not comprise an active catalytic domain from a GLA protein, for the manufacture of a medicament for intracellular targeting and delivery (including intracellular delivery of the payload, in particular where the payload comprises a therapeutic entity/molecule).

DETAILED DISCLOSURE

Intra-cellular delivery as employed herein refers conveying, for example the payload to inside the cell.

Payload as employed herein refers to a molecule which is linked to the GLA domain, in particular for the purpose of intracellular delivery. The link may be a link through chemical conjugation using, for example maleimide chemistry or click chemistry to anchor a moiety to a solvent exposed lysine. Alternatively, the link may be a fusion, for example a peptide bond where the linked entity is expressed as a fusion protein with the GLA component, for example this may be suitable for certain detectable labels, such as fluorescent proteins or antibodies. Linkers may be employed between the GLA-component and the payload.

In one embodiment 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 payloads are linked per GLA-component.

GLA-component (also referred to herein as a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid component) refers to a polypeptide comprising a GLA-domain from a GLA protein (such as protein S) absent the catalytic domain. The polypeptide may further comprise an EGF domain and/kringle domain, for example the EGF domain from protein S. In one embodiment the GLA-component comprises 30 to 300 amino acid residues, for example 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 270, 280, 290 or 300 residues. In one embodiment the GLA component is in the range of 4.5 to 30 kDa. In one embodiment the GLA-component comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. In one embodiment the GLA-component comprises a sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 or a derivative thereof excluding the his-tag, in particular SEQ ID NO: 6.

GLA domains (Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation/gamma-carboxyglutamic) as employed herein are protein domains which have been modified by vitamin K dependent post-translational carboxylation of glutamate residues in the amino sequence to provide gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla). In one embodiment the GLA domain employed in the molecules of the present disclosure comprises 30 to 45 consecutive residues from a native (wild-type) GLA domain. In one embodiment the GLA domain comprises 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 GLA residues.

In one embodiment 30% or less of the GLA-component is GLA residues.

In one embodiment the GLA-component comprises 1 to 5 disulfide bonds, for example 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 disulfide bonds.

The GLA domain binds calcium ions by chelating them between two carboxylic acid residues. These residues are part of a region that starts at the N-terminal extremity of the mature form of Gla proteins, and that ends with a conserved aromatic residue. This results in a conserved Gla-x(3)-Gla-x-Cys motif that is found in the middle of the domain, and which seems to be important for substrate recognition by the carboxylase.

GLA domain as employed herein also extends to proteins where 1 to 10 percent (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10%) of the amino acids in the native GLA domain may be replaced and deleted, provided that modified domain retains at least 70% (such as 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100%) of the native activity of the native (unmodified GLA domain) in a suitable in vitro assay. In one embodiment the full-length native (wild-type) GLA domain is employed.

EGF domain as employed herein refers is a conserved protein domain. It comprises about 30 to 40 amino-acid residues and has been found in a large number of mostly animal proteins. Most occurrences of the EGF-like domain are found in the extracellular domain of membrane-bound proteins or in proteins known to be secreted. The EGF-like domain includes 6 cysteine residues. The main structure of EGF-like domains is a two-stranded β-sheet followed by a loop to a short C-terminal, two-stranded β-sheet. These two β-sheets are usually denoted as the major (N-terminal) and minor (C-terminal) sheets. EGF-like domains frequently occur in numerous tandem copies in proteins: these repeats typically fold together to form a single, linear solenoid domain block as a functional unit. In one embodiment the domain employed is the full-length native domain.

EGF domain as employed herein also extends to proteins where 1 to 10 percent (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10%) of the amino acids in the native EGF domain may be replaced and deleted, provided that modified domain retains at least 70% (such as 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100%) of the native activity of the native (unmodified EGF domain) in a suitable in vitro assay. In one embodiment the protein is the full-length native (wild-type) domain.

Kringle domain as employed herein refers to autonomous protein domains that fold into large loops stabilized by 3 disulfide bonds. They are characterized by a triple loop, 3-disulfide bridge structure, whose conformation is defined by a number of hydrogen bonds and small pieces of anti-parallel beta-sheet. They are found throughout the blood clotting and fibrinolytic proteins and in a varying number of copies in some plasma proteins including prothrombin and urokinase-type plasminogen activator, which are serine proteases belonging to MEROPS peptidase family S1A.

Kringle domain as employed herein also extends to proteins where 1 to 10 percent (such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10%) of the amino acids in the native kringle domain may be replaced and deleted, provided that modified domain retains at least 70% (such as 75, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100%) of the native activity of the native (unmodified Kringle domain) in a suitable in vitro assay. In one embodiment the protein is the full-length native (wild-type) domain.

An active fragment of a protein as employed herein is a less than the whole native protein (or relevant domain), which retains at least 50% (such as 60, 70, 80, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 or 100%) of the active of the native full-length domain or protein in a relevant in vitro assay.

Catalytic domain as employed herein is a domain (or fragment) downstream of the EGF domain in the C-terminal direction, for example as illustrated in FIG. 1A.

Oncolytic virus as employed herein refer to a virus that:

-   -   preferentially infects and kills cancer cells, or     -   selectively replicates in the cancer cells (for example because         their replication is dependent on a gene that is upregulated in         the cancer cells, such as p53.

Viral vector as employed herein refers to a replication deficient virus, generally encoding a transgene. In one embodiment the viral vector comprises a transgene, for example a therapeutic transgene.

Thus, the oncolytic virus may replication capable (for example replication competent or conditionally replicating) or may be replication deficient. Generally, the oncolytic virus will be replication competent or conditionally replicating, in particular replication competent. As the infected cancer cells are destroyed by oncolysis, they release new infectious virus particles or virions to help destroy the remaining tumour. Oncolytic viruses are thought not only to cause direct destruction of the tumour cells, but also to stimulate host anti-tumour immune responses. In one embodiment the oncolytic virus comprises a transgene, for example a therapeutic transgene.

In one embodiment a virus or vector employed in the method of the present disclosure comprises a transgene, for example where the transgene is to replace defective genetic material in the cell, to provide a new or augmented function in the cell, to sensitize the cell to treatment, to block a function in the cell, or to express a therapeutic protein or peptide.

In vitro as employed herein refers to laboratory work not performed in a human or animal body.

In vivo as employed herein refer to work/testing/treatment in a living organism, in particular a human or animal.

Stem cell as employed herein refers to undifferentiated cells that are capable of differentiation and includes embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells, in particular adult stem cells, for example including progenitor cells, and haemotopoietic stem cells, myogenic stem cells, osteoprogenitor stem cells, neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cell, such as satellite cells, radial glial cells, bone marrow stromal cells, periosteum, pancreatic progenitor cells, endothelial progenitor cells, blast cells and trophoblast stem cells.

In one embodiment the method relates to mammalian stem cells, for example human stem cells. The stem cell discussed herein are primarily human stem cells. However, the skilled person is able to identify the relevant or corresponding stem cell population for other mammals, as required. For example SSEA-1 is a marker for murine embryonic stem cells, human germline cells and embryonal carcinoma cells; SSEA-3 is a marker for primate embryonic stem cells, human embryonic germline cells, human embryonic stem cells and embryonal carcinoma cells; SSEA-4 is a marker for primate embryonic stem cells, human embryonic germ cells, human stem cells, embryonal carcinoma cells; CD324 is a marker for human & murine embryonic stem cells, embryonal cancer cells; CD90 is a marker for human & murine embryonic stems cells, hematopoietic stem cells, embryonal carcinoma cells; CD117 is a marker for human & murine embryonic stem cells, hematopoietic stem progenitor cells, neural crest-derived melanocytes, primordial germ cells, embryonal carcinoma cells; CD326 is a marker for human & murine embryonic stem cells, embryonal carcinoma cells; CD9 is a marker for human & murine embryonic stems; CD24 is a marker for human & murine embryonic stems; CD29 is a marker for human & murine embryonic stems; CD59 is a marker for human & murine embryonic stems; CD133 is a marker for human & murine embryonic stems, embryonal carcinoma cells, hematopoietic stem cells; CD31 is a marker for human & murine embryonic stems; TRA-1-60 is a marker for human embryonic stem cells, teracarcinoma, embryonic germ cells, embryonal carcinoma cells; TRA-1-81 is a marker for human embryonic stem cells, teracarcinoma, embryonic germ cells, embryonal carcinoma cells; Frizzled5 is a marker for human & murine embryonic stem cells; Stem cell factor (SCF) is a marker for human & embryonic stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, embryonal carcinoma cells; and Cripto is a marker for human & murine embryonic stem cells, cardiomyocytes and embryonal carcinoma cells.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) or hemocytoblasts are the stem cells that give rise to all the other blood cells through the process of haematopoiesis. They are derived from mesoderm and located in the red bone marrow, which is contained in the core of most bones.

Cancer stem cell as employed herein refers to tumorigenic cells (i.e. cancer cells found within tumors or hematological cancers) that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells, specifically the ability to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer sample. See, for example Identification and Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells, BioessayS 2009 October; 31 (10) 1038-1049. Cancer stem cells are defined by three distinct properties: i) a selective capacity to initiate tumour and drive neoplastic proliferation: ii) an ability to create endless copies of themselves through self-renewal, and iii) the potential to give rise to more mature non-stem cell cancer progeny though differentiation. Cancer stem cells are not necessarily derived from a healthy stem cell but may originate from a differentiated cell.

CD34 is also known as hematopoietic progenitor cells antigen CD34, has a function as cell-cell adhesion factor. It can employed as a marker to enrich stem populations.

Molecule as employed herein is used in the broadest sense and includes a synthetic chemical molecule but also macromolecules such as proteins, polymers (natural or otherwise), labels etc.

Unless the context indicates otherwise protein includes a polypeptide.

Payloads may comprise a drug, a toxin, a polymer, a biologically active protein, radionuclides, a metal chelating agent, a label and/or a reporter group.

A drug as employed herein, unless the context indicates otherwise, is intended to refer to a small chemical entity, for example which has been synthesised by organic chemistry methods, in particular a molecule approved or licensed or in the process of being licensed for therapeutic use, especially in humans. Drug as employed herein includes an anti-viral compound, an antibiotic, and an anti-cancer therapy.

An antiviral compound (antiviral agent) as employed herein refers to the class of medicaments used specifically for treating viral infections, including broad spectrum anti-viral agents and also “narrow” spectrum specific to a particular virus or particular family of viruses.

Antibiotic as employed herein refers to medicine or agent that inhibits the growth of bacteria or destroys bacteria. Anti-bacterial and antibiotic are used interchangeable here unless the context indicates otherwise.

Anti-parasitic as employed herein in refers to a medicine or agent that inhibits the growth of parasite, destroys parasite or removes parasites from the host.

Anti-cancer therapy is a broad term which includes anti-cancer drugs, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immune-oncology therapies, etc.

Anti-cancer drug as employed herein generally refers to a small molecule cancer therapy.

Chemotherapy as herein generally refers to a cytotoxic agent and includes antineoplastics.

A biological therapeutic (also referred to as a biopharmaceutical, biological or biologic) is a therapeutic product “derived” from a biological source, for example a recombinant proteins and fragments, including antibodies molecules, including antibodies, antibody binding fragments and multispecific antibody molecules, and complex combinations of such materials. A biologically active protein is a subgroup of a biological therapeutic and includes recombinant proteins and active fragments thereof (including antibody molecules).

Antibody molecules as employed herein include a complete antibody having full length heavy and light chains or a fragment thereof and a molecule comprising any one of the same for example a Fab, modified Fab, Fab′, modified Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fv, Fab-Fv, Fab-dsFv, single domain antibodies (e.g. VH or VL or VHH), scFv, bi, tri or tetra-valent antibodies, Bis-scFv, diabodies, triabodies, tetrabodies and epitope-binding fragments of any of the above (see for example Holliger and Hudson, 2005, Nature Biotech. 23(9):1126-1136; Adair and Lawson, 2005, Drug Design Reviews—Online 2(3), 209-217). The methods for creating and manufacturing these antibody fragments are well known in the art (see for example Verma et al., 1998, Journal of Immunological Methods, 216, 165-181). Other antibody fragments for use in the present invention include the Fab and Fab′ fragments described in International patent applications WO2005/003169, WO2005/003170 and WO2005/003171. Multi-valent antibodies may comprise multiple specificities e.g bispecific or may be monospecific (see for example WO 92/22853 and WO05/113605). Bispecific and multispecific antibody variants are especially considered in this example since the aim is to neutralise two independent target proteins.

Antibody and binding fragments thereof, in particular small antibody fragments such as domain antibodies, VHHs, single chain Fvs (scFvs), ds-scFvs and dsFv, may be delivered intracellularly using the present technology.

In one embodiment the antibody or binding fragment thereof is a checkpoint inhibitor, for example an anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 inhibitor.

In one embodiment the antibody molecule is human or humanised.

A toxin is a poisonous substance, especially derived from a natural source, in particular a protein. Many toxins, such as calicheamicin are used in cancer therapy. In addition, chemotherapeutic agents can be considered toxic (or toxins). Thus, the definition of toxin overlaps with other definitions herein. However, neurotoxins like snake venom are toxin but not a chemotherapeutic. However, those skilled in the art are familiar with these technical definitions and are capable of understanding the meaning the context of the present disclosure.

Diagnostic as employed herein is agent used in analysis or imaging to diagnose, or monitor or understand a disease status. A diagnostic will generally comprise a reporter molecule, such as a label or similar that can visualised, measured or monitored in some way. The monitor can be direct or indirect.

In one embodiment the molecules of the present disclosure are able to label intracellular targets, for example the nucleus.

Radionuclides suitable for use the present disclosure include thallium-201, technetium-99m, Iodine-123, Iodine 131, Iodine-125, Fluorine-18 and Oxygen-15.

In one embodiment antibodies that interact and inhibit RAS or proteins in the RAS signaling pathway are employed in the payload. RAS genes constitute a multigene family that includes HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS. RAS proteins are small guanosine nucleotide-bound GTPases that function as a critical signaling hub within the cell. The RAS/MAPK pathway has been studied extensively in the context of oncogenesis because its somatic dysregulation is one of the primary causes of cancer. RAS is somatically mutated in approximately 20% of malignancies (Bos J L, Cancer Res. 49: 4682-4689, 1989). In this particular case, it is envisioned that for example the GLA-component is fused to a RAS intrabody (described in Cetin M et al., J Mol Biol. 429:562-573, 2017) i.e. so the construct can be expressed by recombinant protein techniques.

Abnormal cell as employed herein relates to a cell that has differences to a normal healthy cell, in particular mutations or upregulation of a marker or markers, for example an abnormality linked to a predisposition to or development of a condition or diseases; linked with a condition or disease, such as pre-cancerous cell, cancer, sickle-cell anemia or similar.

Apoptosis as employed herein is cell death pathway which occurs as normal and controlled part an organism growth. Cell death by apoptosis is less damaging to surrounding tissue than cell death mechanisms, such as necrosis.

Necrosis as employed herein is cell death from disease or injury. It releases cytokines and factors into the surrounding tissue that may damage surrounding cells. Gangrene is an example of necrotic cell death.

Chemotherapeutic Agents

Chemotherapeutic agent and chemotherapy or cytotoxic agent are employed interchangeably herein unless the context indicates otherwise.

Chemotherapy as employed herein is intended to refer to specific antineoplastic chemical agents or drugs that are “selectively” destructive to malignant cells and tissues, for example alkylating agents, antimetabolites including thymidylate synthase inhibitors, anthracyclines, anti-microtubule agents including plant alkaloids, topoisomerase inhibitors, parp inhibitors and other anti-tumour agents. Selectively in this context is used loosely because of course many of these agents have serious side effects.

The preferred dose may be chosen by the practitioner, based on the nature of the cancer being treated.

Examples of alkylating agents, which may be employed in the method of the present disclosure include an alkylating agent nitrogen mustards, nitrosoureas, tetrazines, aziridines, platins and derivatives, and non-classical alkylating agents.

Example a platinum containing chemotherapeutic agent (also referred to as platins), such as cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, satraplatin, picoplatin, nedaplatin, triplatin and lipoplatin (a liposomal version of cisplatin), in particular cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin.

The dose for cisplatin ranges from about 20 to about 270 mg/m² depending on the exact cancer. Often the dose is in the range about 70 to about 100 mg/m².

Nitrogen mustards include mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, melphalan, chlorambucil, ifosfamide and busulfan.

Nitrosoureas include N-Nitroso-N-methylurea (MNU), carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU) and semustine (MeCCNU), fotemustine and streptozotocin. Tetrazines include dacarbazine, mitozolomide and temozolomide.

Aziridines include thiotepa, mytomycin and diaziquone (AZQ).

Examples of antimetabolites, which may be employed in the method of the present disclosure, include anti-folates (for example methotrexate and pemetrexed), purine analogues (for example thiopurines, such as azathiopurine, mercaptopurine, thiopurine, fludarabine (including the phosphate form), pentostatin and cladribine), pyrimidine analogues (for example fluoropyrimidines, such as 5-fluorouracil and prodrugs thereof such as capecitabine [Xeloda®]), floxuridine, gemcitabine, cytarabine, decitabine, raltitrexed(tomudex) hydrochloride, cladribine and 6-azauracil.

Examples of anthracyclines, which may be employed in the method of the present disclosure, include daunorubicin (Daunomycin), daunorubicin (liposomal), doxorubicin (Adriamycin), doxorubicin (liposomal), epirubicin, idarubicin, valrubicin currently used only to treat bladder cancer and mitoxantrone an anthracycline analog, in particular doxorubicin.

Examples of anti-microtubule agents, which may be employed in the method of the present disclosure, include vinca alkaloids and taxanes.

Vinca alkaloids include completely natural chemicals for example vincristine and vinblastine and also semi-synthetic vinca alkaloids, for example vinorelbine, vindesine, and vinflunine

Taxanes include paclitaxel, docetaxel, abraxane, carbazitaxel and derivatives of thereof. Derivatives of taxanes as employed herein includes reformulations of taxanes like taxol, for example in a micelluar formulaitons, derivatives also include chemical derivatives wherein synthetic chemistry is employed to modify a starting material which is a taxane.

Topoisomerase inhibitors, which may be employed in a method of the present disclosure include type I topoisomerase inhibitors, type II topoisomerase inhibitors and type II topoisomerase poisons. Type I inhibitors include topotecan, irinotecan, indotecan and indimitecan. Type II inhibitors include genistein and ICRF 193 which has the following structure:

Type II poisons include amsacrine, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, teniposide and doxorubicin and fluoroquinolones.

In one embodiment the chemotherapeutic is a PARP inhibitor.

Viruses Suitable for Use as Payloads in the Present Disclosure

In one embodiment the virus employed in the present disclosure is an envelope virus, for example selected from a herpesvirus (such as Herpes simplex 1), a poxvirus (such as vaccina virus), a hepadnavirus, a flavivirus, a togavirus, a coronavirus, hepatitis D, orthomyxovirus, paramyxovirus (such as measles or Newcastle disease virus), rhabdovirus, bunyavirus, filovirus, and Rhabdoviridae (such as vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSV).

In one embodiment the virus employed in the present disclosure is a non-envelope virus, for example selected from adenoviridae (such as an adenovirus), papilomaviridae, picornaviridae (such as coxsackie virus or Seneca Valley virus (eg Senecavirus)), reovirus.

In one embodiment the virus is an adenovirus, for example a human adenovirus, such as selected from a group B virus (in particular Ad3, Ad7, Ad11, Ad14, Ad16, Ad21, Ad34, Ad35, Ad51 or a chimeria thereof, such as Enadenotucirev), a group C virus (in particular Ad1, 2, 5, 6 or a chimeria thereof), a group D virus (in particular Ad8, Ad10, Ad13, Ad15, Ad17, Ad19, Ad20, Ad22, Ad30, Ad32, Ad33, Ad36, Ad37, Ad38, Ad39, Ad42, Ad43, Ad44, Ad45, A46, Ad47, Ad48, Ad49, Ad50 or a chimeria thereof), a group E virus (in particular Ad4), a group F virus (in particular Ad40, Ad41 or a chimeria thereof) and a chimeria of two or more of group B, C, D, E or F viruses.

The vast majority of viruses have well described proteins associated with target cell recognition and uptake. Modification of their tropism to re-direct or enable more selective tumor targeting into oncolytic viruses may be introduced using methods described in rev. in Verheije and Rottier, Adv. Virology 2012: 798526, 2012.

Additional viral cell surface proteins not involved in native viral targeting can have targeting motifs engineered onto them (e.g. Ad virion minor coat protein IX Salisch et al., PLoS One 12: e0174728, 2017).

Envelope viruses have an outer membrane (envelope) covering the virus capsid. The envelope is typically derived from the portions of the host cell membranes (phospholipids and proteins) but also include some viral proteins. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope serve to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane. The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane, allowing the capsid and viral genome to enter and infect the host.

Various oncolytic viruses are disclosed in WO2014/13834, incorporated herein by reference.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) enters cells by means of four essential glycoproteins—gD, gH/gL, gB, activated in a cascade fashion by gD binding to one of its receptors, nectin1 and HVEM. Retargeting of HSV has been achieved by the insertion of ligands and scFvs into the gC and/or gD protein or gH (Campadelli-Fiume, G et al., Rev in Med Virol 21: 213-226, 2011, Gatta, V PLoS Pathog 11: e1004907, 2015). Oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 vectors have been developed for clinical use. These viruses are replication competent and have mutations in the genes that affect viral replication, neuropathogenicity, and immune evasiveness, and for example include first generation viruses such as NV1020 (R7020), dlsptk, d18.36tk, hrR3, R3616, 1716, second generation viruses such as G207 (MGH-1), 3616UB, SUP, NV1023, third generation viruses such as G47Δ, transcriptional expressing vectors such as G92A, d12.CALP, Myb34.5, transgene expressing vectors such as rRP450, and other viruses such as Talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec). The HSV-1 vectors are the thought to be useful in the treatment of a wide of solid tumors, for example including glioma, melanoma, breast, prostate, colon, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers. The HSV-1 virus infects a broad range of cells types and species, it is cytolytic by nature, the replicative life cycle of the virus results in host cell destruction, it has a well characterised and large genome (152K) but contains many non-essential genes providing up to 30K of space for the insertion of therapeutic genes. Generally, HSV viruses are not mutated in the thymidine kinase gene for safety reasons. Talimogene laherparepvec is an oncolytic herpes virus, which is approved for use in the treatment of melanoma. Other herpes bases viruses include G207, SEPREHVIR (HSV-1716), by Virttu Biologics, HSV-1 R3616 mutant, HSV-1 1716 mutant, NV1020 (R7020), R3616 mutant (deleted RL1), KM100 mutant has insertions in UL48 (encodes the transactivator tegument protein pUL48 [VP16]) and RL2 genes, G92A, mutants, Myb34.5 and rQNestin34.5.

Poxvirus—

Vaccina virus, such as Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) may be employed (Galmiche M C et al., J Gen Virol 78: 3019-3027, 1997), MVA may be replaced with a p14 fusion molecule carrying an inserted scFv directed against the tumor associate antigen MUC-1 (Paul, S et al., Viral Immunol 20: 664-671, 2007) See also rev. in Liang L et al., Viruses 6: 3787-3808, 2014, Hsiao J C et al., J Virol 73: 8750-8761, 1999, rev. in Chen T L and Roffler S, Med Res. Rev. 28: 885-928, 2008 and Kinoshita T et al., J Biochem 144: 287-294, 2008. JX-594, by Jennerex, is a thymidine kinase-deleted Vaccinia virus plus GM-CSF. GL-ONC1 is an attenuated vaccinia virus (Lister strain) that causes regression and elimination of a wide range of solid tumors in preclincal mouse models

Paramyxovirus (such as measles or Newcastle disease virus),

Measles virus (MeV) is a single-stranded, negative-sense, enveloped (non-segmented) RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae.Measles virus has two envelope glycoproteins: the hemagglutinin (H) attachment protein and the fusion (F) protein. Attachment, entry and subsequent cell-cell fusion is mediated via 2 measles receptors, CD46 and the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM). See for example rev. in Msaouel P et al., Methods Mol Biol 797: 141-162, 2012, Robinson S. and Galanis, E. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 17: 353-363, 2017, Aref S et al., Viruses 8. Pii:E294, 2016); (rev. in Chen T L and Roffler S, Med Res. Rev. 28: 885-928, 2008 and Kinoshita T et al., J Biochem 144: 287-294, 2008), and (Russell S J and Peng K W, Curr Topic Microbiol. Immunol 330: 213-241, 2009, Robinson S and Galanis, E Expert Opin Biol. Ther 17: 353-363, 2017, Aref S et al., Viruses 8. Pii: E294, 2016). Measles virus encoding the human thyroidal sodium iodide symporter or MV-NIS is an attenuated oncolytic Edmonston (Ed) strain of measles virus. Radioactive Iodine imaging provides a novel technique for NIS gene expression monitoring.

Newcastle disease virus may also be employed.

Adenoviridae Adenoviruses are among the most extensively studied viruses being used as oncolytic agents. An array of peptides and proteins have been engineered into virion associated viral proteins to alter the native tropism of the virus (rev. in Verheije M H and Rottier PJM Adv Virol 2012: 798526, 2012). However, all of these are dependent upon viral assembly in the nucleus which presents significant challenges.

Other non-enveloped viruses include Coxsackievirus, Poliovirus and Reovirus. See for example rev. in Altan-Bonnet, N, Curr Opin Microbiol 32: 77-81, 2016 and Chen Y H et al., Cell 160: 619-630, 2015, rev. in Chen T L and Roffler S, Med Res. Rev. 28: 885-928, 2008 and Kinoshita T et al., J Biochem 144: 287-294, 2008 and rev. in Verheije M H and Rottier PJM Adv Virol 2012: 798526, 2012).

There are a numerous adenoviruses for example Ad5-yCD/mutTKSR39rep-hIL12, such as for the treatment of prostate cancer was initiated, CGTG-102 (Ad5/3-D24-GMCSF), by Oncos Therapeutics, for example for the treatment soft tissue sarcomas, Oncorine (H101), CG0070, Enadenotucirev (EnAd) WO2005/118825, OvAd1 and OvAd2 disclosed in WO2008/080003, ONCOS-102, for example for Unresectable Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma, and DNX-2401 for example for glioma.

Cavatak is the trade name for a preparation of wild-type Coxsackievirus A21, useful in the treatment of malignant melanoma. Seneca Valley virus (NTX-010) and (SVV-001), for example for small cell lung cancer and neuroblastoma

Reovirus-Reolysin® (pelareorep; Wild-Type Reovirus; Serotype 3 Dearing; Oncolytics Biotech), for example for the treatment of various cancers and cell proliferative disorders.

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) VSV is another enveloped virus being explored as on oncolytic agent. See for example Betancourt D et al., J Virol 89: 11786-11800, 2015) and rev. in Hastie E and Grdzelishvili V Z J Gen Virol 93: 2529-2545, 2012).

Proteins Encoded by a Virus

In one embodiment a virus or vector employed in the method of the present disclosure comprises a transgene, for example where the transgene is to replace defective genetic material in the cell, to provide a new or augmented function in the cell, to sensitize the cell to treatment, to block a function in the cell, or to express a therapeutic protein or peptide.

In one embodiment the virus employed as the payload according to the present disclosures, comprises a transgene or transgenes, for example encoding an agent independently selected from an RNAi sequence, a protein, polypeptide or peptide (for example an antibody molecule or binding fragment thereof, a chemokine, a cytokine, an immunomodulator, a fluorescent tag or an enzyme).

This includes but is not limited to unique formats that have shown pre-clinical promise but have lacked an effective and economical means for delivery e.g. peptides, intrabodies and alternative scaffolds (rev. in Boldicke T, Protein Sci 26: 925-945, 2017, Marschall and Dubel, Comput Struct Biotechnol J 14: 304-308, 2016, Miersch and Sidhu F1000Res 5.pii.F1000 Faculty Rev. 1947, 2016, Peptides, Tsomaia Eur J Med Chem 94:459-470, 2015, Marschall A L J et al, Mabs 7: 1010-1035, 2015, AlDeghaither D et al., J Clin Pharmacol. 55: S4-S20, 2015))) and includes agents with therapeutic effects on the tumor cells tumor stem cells, tumor associated endothelium and tumor associated stroma. Of special interest are molecules that could serve multiple functions, for example as therapeutics, biomarkers and/or diagnostics. The herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene is a well-established pro-drug converting enzyme with a clinically approved pro-drug (ganciclovir-GCV) see for example Holder et al., Cancer Res. 53: 3475-3485, 1993, Touraine R L et al., Gene Therapy 5: 1705-1711, 1998),

In addition, the thymidine kinase protein expression can also be exploited to image and track the activity of the virotherapy during the course of treatment. Positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography are both methods that are routinely used for the detection and monitoring of cancer and cancer therapies and are both viable means to detect the expression of the thymidine kinase protein when an appropriate thymidine kinase substrate is administered (Wang J Q et al., Bioorg Med Chem 13: 549-556, 2005, Tjuvajev J G et al, J Nucl Med 43: 1072-1083, 2002). Alternatively, the NIS gene may be used and has been explored as an agent for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in oncolytic viruses, much like TK (Miller A and Russell S Expert Opin Biol Ther 16: 15-32, 2016, Ravera S et al., Annu Rev Physiol 79: 261-289, 2017, Portulano et al., Endocr Rev. 35: 106-149, 2014).

In one embodiment antibodies that interact and inhibit RAS or proteins in the RAS signaling pathway are encoded in the virus of the present disclosure, for example as as fusion protein with the GLA-component. RAS genes constitute a multigene family that includes HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS. See for example Bos J L, Cancer Res. 49: 4682-4689, 1989; and Cetin M et al., J Mol Biol. 429:562-573, 2017. Labels

In one embodiment the payload comprises a fluorescent label, a chemi-lluminescent label, a radio label, an enzyme, a dye or a ligand.

A label in accordance with the present disclosure is defined as any moiety which may be detected using an assay. Non-limiting examples of reporter molecules include enzymes, radiolabels, haptens, fluorescent labels, phosphorescent molecules, chemiluminescent molecules, chromophores, photoaffinity molecules, colored particles or ligands, such as biotin. Label as employed herein also includes tags, for example His-tags, Flag-tags and the like. Labels include biotin, which is the substrate for avidin.

Labels can be linked to the GLA-components by conjugation or fusion. The label be the only payload or in addition to another entity, such as a therapeutic payload.

Label conjugates are suitable for use as diagnostic agents. Diagnostic agents generally fall within two classes, those for use in in vitro diagnostics, and those for use in vivo diagnostic protocols, generally known as “directed imaging.” Many appropriate imaging agents are known in the art, as are methods for their attachment to peptides and polypeptides (see, for e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,021,236, 4,938,948, and 4,472,509). The imaging moieties used can be paramagnetic ions, radioactive isotopes, fluorochromes, NMR-detectable substances, and X-ray imaging agents.

In the case of paramagnetic ions, one might mention by way of example ions such as chromium (III), manganese (II), iron (III), iron (II), cobalt (II), nickel (II), copper (II), neodymium (III), samarium (III), ytterbium (III), gadolinium (III), vanadium (II), terbium (III), dysprosium (III), holmium (III) and/or erbium (III), with gadolinium being particularly preferred. Ions useful in other contexts, such as X-ray imaging, include but are not limited to lanthanum (III), gold (III), lead (II), and especially bismuth (III).

In the case of radioactive isotopes for therapeutic and/or diagnostic application, one might mention astatine²¹¹, ¹⁴carbon, ⁵¹chromium, ³⁶chlorine, ⁵⁷cobalt, ⁵⁸cobalt, copper⁶⁷, ¹⁵²Eu, gallium⁶⁷, ³hydrogen, iodine¹²³, iodine¹²⁵, iodine¹³¹, indium¹¹¹, ⁵⁹iron, ³²phosphorus, rhenium¹⁸⁶, rhenium¹⁸⁸, ⁷⁵selenium, ³⁵sulphur, technicium^(99m) and/or yttrium⁹⁰. ¹²⁵I is suitable for use in certain embodiments, and technicium^(99m) and/or indium¹¹¹ are particularly suitable due to their low energy and suitability for long range detection. Radioactively labeled peptides and polypeptides may be produced according to well-known methods in the art. For instance, peptides and polypeptides can be iodinated by contact with sodium and/or potassium iodide and a chemical oxidizing agent such as sodium hypochlorite, or an enzymatic oxidizing agent, such as lactoperoxidase. Peptides may be labeled with technetium^(99m) by ligand exchange process, for example, by reducing pertechnate with stannous solution, chelating the reduced technetium onto a Sephadex column and applying the peptide to this column. Alternatively, direct labeling techniques may be used, e.g., by incubating pertechnate, a reducing agent such as SNCl₂, a buffer solution such as sodium-potassium phthalate solution, and the peptide. Intermediary functional groups which are often used to bind radioisotopes which exist as metallic ions to peptide are diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) or ethylene diaminetetracetic acid (EDTA).

Fluorescent labels suitable for use as payloads include Alexa 350, Alexa 430, AMCA, BODIPY 630/650, BODIPY 650/665, BODIPY-FL, BODIPY-R6G, BODIPY-TMR, BODIPY-TRX, Cascade Blue, Cy3, Cy5,6-FAM, Fluorescein Isothiocyanate, HEX, 6-JOE, Oregon Green 488, Oregon Green 500, Oregon Green 514, Pacific Blue, REG, Rhodamine Green, Rhodamine Red, Renographin, ROX, TAMRA, TET, Tetramethylrhodamine, and/or Texas Red.

Another type of payload is that suitable for use in vitro, is where a peptide is linked to a secondary binding ligand and/or to an enzyme (an enzyme tag) that will generate a colored product upon contact with a chromogenic substrate. Examples of suitable enzymes include urease, alkaline phosphatase, (horseradish) hydrogen peroxidase or glucose oxidase. Suitable secondary binding ligands are biotin and avidin and streptavidin compounds. The use of such labels is well known to those of skill in the art and is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,817,837, 3,850,752, 3,939,350, 3,996,345, 4,277,437, 4,275,149 and 4,366,241.

Other methods are known in the art for the attachment for linking a peptide to its “conjugate partner” Some attachment methods involve the use of a metal chelate complex employing, for example, an organic chelating agent such a diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid anhydride (DTPA); ethylenetriaminetetraacetic acid; N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide; and/or tetrachloro-3α-6α-diphenylglycouril-3 attached to the antibody (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,472,509 and 4,938,948). Peptides or polypeptides may also be reacted with an enzyme in the presence of a coupling agent such as glutaraldehyde or periodate. Conjugates with fluorescein markers are prepared in the presence of these coupling agents or by reaction with an isothiocyanate.

In one embodiment the label is able to stain or label the nucleus of a stem cell.

Combination Therapy

In one embodiment the GLA-component is employed in combination with a second therapy, for example an anti-cancer therapy. This is therapy that is administered separately to the GLA-component (i.e. is not linked to the GLA-component).

In one embodiment a combination of chemotherapeutic agents employed is, for example a platin and 5-FU or a prodrug thereof, for example cisplatin or oxaplatin and capecitabine or gemcitabine, such as FOLFOX.

In one embodiment the chemotherapy comprises a combination of chemotherapy agents, in particular cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents.

In one embodiment the chemotherapy combination comprises a platin, such as cisplatin and fluorouracil or capecitabine.

In one embodiment the chemotherapy combination in capecitabine and oxaliplatin (Xelox).

In one embodiment the chemotherapy is a combination of folinic acid and 5-FU, optionally in combination with oxaliplatin.

In one embodiment the chemotherapy is a combination of folinic acid, 5-FU and irinotecan (FOLFIRI), optionally in combination with oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX). The regimen consists of: irinotecan (180 mg/m² IV over 90 minutes) concurrently with folinic acid (400 mg/m² [or 2×250 mg/m²] IV over 120 minutes); followed by fluorouracil (400-500 mg/m² IV bolus) then fluorouracil (2400-3000 mg/m² intravenous infusion over 46 hours). This cycle is typically repeated every two weeks. The dosages shown above may vary from cycle to cycle.

In one embodiment the chemotherapy combination employs a microtubule inhibitor, for example vincristine sulphate, epothilone A, N-[2-[(4-Hydroxyphenyl)amino]-3-pyridinyl]-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (ABT-751), a taxol derived chemotherapeutic agent, for example paclitaxel, abraxane, or docetaxel or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment the combination employs an mTor inhibitor. Examples of mTor inhibitors include: everolimus (RAD001), WYE-354, KU-0063794, papamycin (Sirolimus), Temsirolimus, Deforolimus(MK-8669), AZD8055 and BEZ235(NVP-BEZ235).

In one embodiment the combination employs a MEK inhibitor. Examples of MEK inhibitors include: AS703026, CI-1040 (PD184352), AZD6244 (Selumetinib), PD318088, PD0325901, AZD8330, PD98059, U0126-EtOH, BIX 02189 or BIX 02188.

In one embodiment the combination employs an AKT inhibitor. Examples of AKT inhibitors include: MK-2206 and AT7867.

In one embodiment the combination employs an aurora kinase inhibitor. Examples of aurora kinase inhibitors include: Aurora A Inhibitor I, VX-680, AZD1152-HQPA (Barasertib), SNS-314 Mesylate, PHA-680632, ZM-447439, CCT129202 and Hesperadin.

In one embodiment the combination employs a p38 inhibitor, for example as disclosed in WO2010/038086, such as N-[4-({4-[3-(3-tert-Butyl-1-p-tolyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) ureido] naphthalen-1-yloxy}methyl)pyridin-2-yl]-2-methoxyacetamide.

In one embodiment the combination employs a Bcl-2 inhibitor. Examples of Bcl-2 inhibitors include: obatoclax mesylate, ABT-737, ABT-263(navitoclax) and TW-37.

In one embodiment the chemotherapy combination comprises an antimetabolite such as capecitabine (xeloda), fludarabine phosphate, fludarabine (fludara), decitabine, raltitrexed (tomudex), gemcitabine hydrochloride and cladribine.

In one embodiment the combination comprises ganciclovir, which may assist in controlling immune responses and/or tumour vasculation.

In one embodiment the chemotherapy includes a PARP inhibitor.

In one embodiment the combination therapy includes an inhibitor of cancer metabolism with specific inhibition of the activity of the DHODH enzyme.

In one embodiment one or more therapies employed in the method herein are metronomic, that is a continuous or frequent treatment with low doses of anticancer drugs, often given concomitant with other methods of therapy.

In one embodiment, there is provided the use of multiple cycles of treatment (such as chemotherapy) for example 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

In one embodiment the chemotherapy is employed in a 28 day cycle.

The GLA-components of the present disclosure can be adapted to treated one or more of the following infections: Acinetobacter infections (Acinetobacter baumannii), Actinomycosis (Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces gerencseriae and Propionibacterium propionicus), African sleeping sickness also known as African trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma brucei) AIDS-Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)), Amebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica), Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma species), Angiostrongyliasis (Angiostrongylus), Anisakiasis (Anisakis), Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection (Arcanobacterium haemolyticum), Argentine hemorrhagic fever (Junin virus), Ascariasis (Ascaris lumbricoides), Aspergillosis (Aspergillus species), Astrovirus infection (Astroviridae family), Babesiosis (Babesia species), Bacillus cereus infection (Bacillus cereus), Bacterial pneumonia (multiple bacteria), Bacterial vaginosis (bacterial vaginosis microbiota), Bacteroides infection (Bacteroides), Balantidiasis (Balantidium coli), Bartonellosis (Bartonella), Baylisascaris infection (Baylisascaris), BK virus infection (BK virus), Black piedra (Piedraia hortae), Blastocystosis (Blastocystis), Blastomycosis (Blastomyces dermatitidis), Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (Machupo virus), Botulism and Infant botulism (Clostridium botulinum; Note: Botulism is not an infection by Clostridium botulinum but caused by the intake of botulinum toxin), Brazilian hemorrhagic fever (Sabiá virus), Brucellosis (Brucella), Bubonic plague (Enterobacteriaceae), Burkholderia infection (Burkholderia), Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans), Calicivirus infection (Caliciviridae (Norovirus and Sapovirus)), Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter), Candidiasis also known as Thrush (Candida), Capillariasis (Intestinal disease by Capillaria philippinensis, hepatic disease by Capillaria hepatica and pulmonary disease by Capillaria aerophila), Carrion's disease(Bartonella bacilliformis), Cat-scratch disease (Bartonella henselae), Cellulitis (usually Group A Streptococcus and Staphylococcus), Chagas Disease also known as American trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma cruzi), Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi), Chickenpox (Varicella zoster virus), Chikungunya (Alphavirus), Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis), Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection also known as TWAR (Chlamydophila pneumoniae), Cholera (Vibrio cholerae), Chromoblastomycosis (Fonsecaea pedrosoi), Chytridiomycosis (Batrachochytrium dendrabatidis), Clonorchiasis (Clonorchis sinensis), Clostridium difficile colitis (Clostridium difficile), Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii), Colorado tick fever (Colorado tick fever virus), Common cold/Acute viral rhinopharyngitis/Acute coryza (usually rhinoviruses and coronaviruses), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus), Cryptococcosis (Cryptococcus neoformans), Cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium), Cutaneous larva migrans (usually Ancylostoma braziliense and multiple other parasites), Cyclosporiasis (Cyclospora cayetanensis), Cysticercosis (Taenia solium), Cytomegalovirus infection (Cytomegalovirus), Dengue fever (Dengue viruses such as DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4), Dientamoebiasis (Dientamoeba fragilis), Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae), Diphyllobothriasis (Diphyllobothrium), Dracunculiasis (Dracunculus medinensis), Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebolavirus), Echinococcosis (Echinococcus), Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia), Enterobacteriaceae (Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae), Enterobiasis (Enterobius vermicularis), Enterococcus infection (Enterococcus), Enterovirus (Enterovirus), Epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii), Erythema infectiosum (Parvovirus B19), Exanthem subitum (Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7)), Fasciolasis (Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica), Fasciolopsiasis (Fasciolopsis buski), Filariasis (Filarioidea), Food poisoning by Clostridium perfringens (Clostridium perfringens), Free-living amebic infection (various pathogens), Fusobacterium infection (Fusobacterium), Gas gangrene (usually Clostridium such as perfringens), Geotrichosis (Geotrichum candidum), Giardiasis (Giardia lamblia), Glanders (Burkholderia mallei), Gnathostomiasis (Gnathostoma spinigerum and Gnathostoma hispidum), Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae), Granuloma inguinale (Klebsiella granulomatis), Group A streptococcal infection (Streptococcus pyogenes), Group B streptococcal infection (Streptococcus agalactiae), Haemophilus influenzae infection (Haemophilus influenzae), Hand, foot and mouth disease (Enteroviruses, mainly Coxsackie A virus and Enterovirus 71 (EV71)), Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (Sin Nombre virus), Heartland virus disease (Heartland virus), Helicobacter pylori infection (Helicobacter pylori), Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (Escherichia coli such as 0157:H7, 0111 and 0104:H4), Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (Bunyaviridae family), Hepatitis A (Hepatitis A virus), Hepatitis B (Hepatitis B virus), Hepatitis C (Hepatitis C virus), Hepatitis D (Hepatitis D Virus), Hepatitis E (Hepatitis E virus), Herpes simplex (Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum), Hookworm infection (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), Human bocavirus infection (Human bocavirus), Human ewingii ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia ewingii), Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum), Human metapneumovirus infection (Human metapneumovirus), Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis), Human papillomavirus infection (Human papillomavirus), Human parainfluenza virus infection (Human parainfluenza viruses), Hymenolepiasis (Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta), Epstein-Barr virus infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus), Influenza (Orthomyxoviridae), Isosporiasis (Isospora belli), Kawasaki disease, Keratitis (various pathogens), Kingella kingae infection (Kingella kingae), Lassa fever (Lassa virus), Legionellosis also known as Legionnaires' disease (Legionella pneumophila), Legionellosis also known as Pontiac fever (Legionella pneumophila), Leishmaniasis (Leishmania), Leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis), Leptospirosis (Leptospira), Listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes), Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia garinii, and Borrelia afzelii), Lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi), Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus), Malaria (Plasmodium), Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg virus), Measles (Measles virus), Middle East respiratory syndrome (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus), Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei), Meningitis (various), Meningococcal disease (Neisseria meningitidis), Metagonimiasis (usually Metagonimus yokagawai), Microsporidiosis (Microsporidia phylum), Molluscum contagiosum (Molluscum contagiosum virus), Monkeypox (Monkeypox virus), Mumps (Mumps virus), Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi), Mycoplasma pneumonia (Mycoplasma pneumoniae), Mycetoma (Actinomycetoma) and fungi Eumycetoma), Myiasis (parasitic dipterous fly larvae), Neonatal conjunctivitis (most commonly Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae), Norovirus infection (Norovirus), Nocardiosis (Nocardia such as N. asteroides), Onchocerciasis (Onchocerca volvulus), Opisthorchiasis (Opisthorchis viverrini and Opisthorchis felineus), Paracoccidioidomycosis (Paracoccidioides brasiliensis), Paragonimiasis (Paragonimus such as westermani), Pasteurellosis (Pasteurella), Pelvic inflammatory disease (various pathogens), Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis), Plague (Yersinia pestis), Pneumococcal infection (Streptococcus pneumoniae), Pneumocystis pneumonia (Pneumocystis jirovecii), Pneumonia (various pathogens), Poliomyelitis (Poliovirus), Prevotella infection (Prevotella), Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (usually Naegleria fowleri), Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (JC virus), Psittacosis (Chlamydophila psittaci), Q fever (Coxiella burnetii), Rabies (Rabies virus), Relapsing fever (Borrelia such as B. hermsii and B. recurrentis), Respiratory syncytial virus infection (Respiratory syncytial virus), Rhinosporidiosis (Rhinosporidium seeberi), Rhinovirus infection (Rhinovirus), Rickettsial infection (Rickettsia species), Rickettsialpox (Rickettsia akari), Rift Valley fever (Rift Valley fever virus), Rocky Mountain spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii), Rotavirus infection (Rotavirus), Rubella (Rubella virus), Salmonellosis (Salmonella), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS coronavirus), Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma), Sepsis (various pathogens), Shigellosis (Shigella), Shingles (Varicella zoster virus), Smallpox (Variola major or Variola minor), Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii), Staphylococcal food poisoning (Staphylococcus), Staphylococcal infection (Staphylococcus), Strongyloidiasis (Strongyloides stercoralis), Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (Measles virus), Syphilis (Treponema pallidum), Taeniasis (Taenia), Tetanus (Clostridium tetani), Tinea barbae (usually Trichophyton), Tinea capitis (Trichophyton tonsurans), Tinea corporis (usually Trichophyton), Tinea cruris (usually Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes), Tinea manum (Trichophyton rubrum), Tinea nigra (usually Hortaea werneckii), Tinea pedis (usually Trichophyton), Tinea unguium (usually Trichophyton), Tinea versicolor (Malassezia), Toxocariasis (Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati), Trachoma (Chlamydia trachomatis), Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii), Trichinosis (Trichinella spiralis), Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis), Trichuriasis (Trichuris trichiura), Tuberculosis (usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis), Tularemia (Francisella tularensis), Typhoid fever (Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, serovar typhi), Typhus fever (Rickettsia), Ureaplasma urealyticum infection (Ureaplasma urealyticum), Valley fever (Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus), Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever (Guanarito virus), Vibrio vulnificus infection (Vibrio vulnificus), Vibrio parahaemolyticus enteritis (Vibrio parahaemolyticus), Viral pneumonia (various viruses), West Nile Fever (West Nile virus), White piedra (Trichosporon beigelii), Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis), Yersiniosis (Yersinia enterocolitica), Yellow fever (Yellow fever virus) and Zygomycosis (Zygomycetes).

Intracellular Pathogens

Intracellular cellular pathogens, can be some of the most difficult to treat because once the pathogen is inside the cell some level of protection may be provided to the pathogen by the cellular environment.

Pathogens, may be viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoan etc. The molecules are the present disclosure are particularly useful for treatment of intracellular pathogens, in particular those disclosed herein.

Notable intracellular bacteria include Bartonella henselae, Francisella tularensis, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonell typhi, Brucella, Legionella, Mycobacterium (such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis), Nocardia, Rhodococcus equi, Yersinia, Neisseria meninggitidis.

One or more antibiotics employed in the treatment of intracellular pathogens suitable for use in the method of the present disclosure selected from erythromycin, doxycycline, azithromycin, rifampin, streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, TMP-SMZ (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, clarithromycin, tetracyclines, glycylcyclines, ethambutol, rifabutin, imipenem, cefotaxime, amikacin, vancomycin, minocycline, penicillin G, ampicillin, fluoroquinolone, aztreonam and combinations of two or more of the same.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is notoriously difficult to treat. In one independent aspect the present disclosure provides a molecule for the treatment of latent and/or active TB where one or more TB drugs are conjugated as a payload to the GLA-component described herein.

The molecules of the present disclosure may be able to greatly increase the efficacy of current medicines by delivering them to inside the cell where the mycobacterium is located.

The treatment for TB depends on a number of factors, including whether the TB is latent or active, if the patient is an adult, is a child, is pregnant, is HIV positive or a combination of the above. The details below relate to all aspects of the invention, for example what molecules to prepare and how to use them to treat patients.

Treatment of Latent TB in HIV patients and children in the age range 2 to 11 is isoniazid daily for 6 to 9 months. Pregnant patients may be treated twice weekly as opposed to daily.

Thus, in one embodiment in the molecule of the present disclosure the GLA-component is linked to a payload comprising isoniazid or a an equivalent thereof.

Treatment of Latent TB in patients 12 years or older without complicating factors may be given isoniazid and rifapentine one a week for 3 months. Alternatively, rifampin may be given daily for 4 months.

Thus in one embodiment the payload further comprises rifapentine.

Alternatively, a molecule may be provided where the GLA domain, as described herein, is linked to payload comprising rifapentine. A combination of molecules according to the present disclosure may be provided for use in treatment.

First line treatment for active TB is often selected from isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide and combinations of two or more of the same.

Thus, in there is provide a molecule according to the present disclosure comprising a GLA-component, as described herein, linked to a payload comprising rifampin.

Also provided a molecule according to the present disclosure comprising a GLA-component, as described herein, linked to a payload comprising ethambutol.

In a further embodiment there is provided a molecule according to the present disclosure comprising a GLA-component, as described herein, linked to a payload comprising pyrazinamide.

As explicitly envisaged that the payloads used in the treatment of TB may comprise two or more, such as three drugs or four drugs, such as: isoniazid and rifamycin, isoniazid and pyraxinamide, isoniazid and ethambutol, rifamycin and pyraxinamide, rifamycin and ethambutol, pyraxinamide and ethambutol, isoniazid and rifamycin and pyraxinamide, isoniazid and rifamycin and ethambutol, and isoniazid and rifamycin and pyraxinamide and ethambutol.

Viral pathogens include influenza, human immunodeficiency virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, smallpox virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Korean hemorrhagic fever virus, chickenpox, varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex virus 1 or 2, Epstein-Barr virus, Marburg virus, hantavirus, yellow fever virus, hepatitis A, B, C or E, Ebola virus, human papilloma virus, rhinovirus, Coxsackie virus, polio virus, measles virus, rubella virus, rabies virus, Newcastle disease virus, rotavirus, HIV (such HTLV-1 and -2).

Antiviral drugs may be linked to the GLA-component may be independently be selected from one or more of the following: Abacavir, Aciclovir, Acyclovir, Adefovir, Amantadine, Amprenavir, Ampligen, Arbidol, Atazanavir, Atripla, Boceprevirertet, Cidofovir, Combivir, Darunavir, Delavirdine, Didanosine, Docosanol, Edoxudine, Efavirenz, Emtricitabine, Enfuvirtide, Entecavir, Entry inhibitors, Famciclovir, Fomivirsen, Fosamprenavir, Foscarnet, Fosfonet, Ganciclovir, Ibacitabine, Imunovir, Idoxuridine, Imiquimod, Indinavir, Inosine, Integrase inhibitor, Interferon type III, Interferon type II, Interferon type I, Interferon, Lamivudine, Lopinavir, Loviride, Maraviroc, Moroxydine, Methisazone, Nelfinavir, Nevirapine, Nexavir, Nucleoside analogues, Oseltamivir, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Penciclovir, Peramivir, Pleconaril, Podophyllotoxin, Protease inhibitor, Raltegravir, Reverse transcriptase inhibitor, Ribavirin, Rimantadine, Ritonavir, Pyramidine, Saquinavir, Stavudine, Synergistic enhancer (antiretroviral), Tea tree oil, Telaprevir, Tenofovir, Tenofovir disoproxil, Tipranavir, Trifluridine, Trizivir, Tromantadine, Truvada, Valaciclovir, Valganciclovir, Vicriviroc, Vidarabine, Viramidine, Zalcitabine, Zanamivir and Zidovudine.

It is well known in the technical field that antiviral drugs may be used in combinations, for example to increase effectiveness.

Thus, in one embodiment the molecule of the present invention is provided with a payload to treat a protozoan disease, for example malaria, African sleeping sickness and the like.

Notable protozoan parasite include plasmodium type parasites, such as malaria. Drug used treat malaria, such as quinine and related agents, choloroquine, amodiaquine, pyrimethamine, proguanil, sulphonamides, mefloquine, atovaquone, primaquine, aremisinin and derivates thereof, halofantrine, doxycycline, clindamycin, sulfadiazine and combination of two or more of the same.

Thus, in embodiment there is provided a molecule according to the present disclosure where the GLA-component, described herein, is linked to a payload comprising one or more anti-malaria drugs.

In one embodiment the molecules of the present disclosure are provided in a pharmaceutical composition comprising a excipient, diluent and/or carrier. In one embodiment the composition is as a parenteral formulation.

Parenteral formulation means a formulation designed not to be delivered through the GI tract. Typical parenteral delivery routes include injection, implantation or infusion.

In one embodiment the parenteral formulation is in the form of an injection Injection includes intravenous, subcutaneous, intra-cranial, intrathecal, intra-tumoural or intramuscular injection. Injection as employed herein means the insertion of liquid into the body via a syringe.

In one embodiment the parenteral formulation is in the form of an infusion.

Infusion as employed herein means the administration of fluids at a slower rate by drip, infusion pump, syringe driver or equivalent device. In one embodiment, the infusion is administered over a period in the range of 1.5 minutes to 120 minutes, such as about 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 65, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 105, 110 or 115 minutes.

In one embodiment, the formulation is for intravenous (i.v.) administration. This route is particularly effective because it allows rapid access to the majority of the organs and tissue and is particular useful for the treatment of metastases, for example established metastases especially those located in highly vascularised regions such as the liver and lungs.

Therapeutic formulations typically will be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, liposome, or other parenteral formulation suitable for administration to a human and may be formulated as a pre-filled device such as a syringe or vial, particular as a single dose.

As discussed above the formulation will generally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier, for example a non-toxic, isotonic carrier that is compatible with the virus, and in which the virus is stable for the requisite period of time.

The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a dispersant or surfactant such as lecithin or a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80 or 40. In dispersions the maintenance of the required particle size may be assisted by the presence of a surfactant. Examples of isotonic agents include sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition.

In one embodiment there is provided a kit of parts comprising a GLA-component according to the present disclosure and a payload, wherein the payload is linked or unlinked to said GLA-component.

“Comprising” in the context of the present specification is intended to mean “including”. [Where technically appropriate, embodiments of the invention may be combined. Embodiments are described herein as comprising certain features/elements. The disclosure also extends to separate embodiments consisting or consisting essentially of said features/elements.

Technical references such as patents and applications are incorporated herein by reference.

The technical backgrounds is part of the technical disclosure of the present specification and may be used as basis for amendments because the discussion therein is not limited to discussing the prior art as it also includes a discussion of the technical problems encountered in the field and the application of the present technology.

Any embodiments specifically and explicitly recited herein may form the basis of a disclaimer either alone or in combination with one or more further embodiments.

The invention will now be described with reference to the following examples, which are merely illustrative and should not in any way be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.

EXAMPLES

FIG. 1A-D Shows various representations of GLA protein structures.

FIG. 1E Shows an embodiment of a GLA-component according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 Shows Protein S (PrS) and annexin staining of breast cancer cell lines treated with peroxide to induce apoptosis. A, human MDA-231 cells treated with peroxide and stained with FITC-PrS. B, untreated MDA-231 cells stained as in A. C, treated MDA-231 cells stained with annexin. D, human MCF-7 cells treated with peroxide and stained with PrS. E, murine MET-1 cells, as in D. F, murine 4T1 cells, as in D.

FIG. 3 Shows overlapping, yet distinct, cellular localization of PrS and annexin. A, murine 4T1 cells treated with peroxide and stained with Cy5 PrS (RED) and FITC annexin (GREEN). Light arrow, co-localized signals; red arrows, cells staining with PrS and not annexin; green arrow, cell staining relatively brighter with annexin but less bright with PrS, indicating distinct binding patterns (insets show PrS and annexin staining separately). B, treated 4T1 cells stained with FITC PrS and Cy5 annexin. Green arrows, cells staining with PrS and not annexin. C, Cy5 annexin staining of treated 4T1 cells pre-incubated with 1,000-fold excess of cold annexin.

FIG. 4 Shows staining of apoptotic COS-1 cells with PrS and annexin. Cells were treated with t-BHP as described and stained with FITC annexin (left) and Cy5 PrS (right). Arrows indicate subcellular structures presumed to be apoptotic bodies.

FIG. 5 Shows differential staining of extracellular vesicles with PrS and annexin. Extracellular vesicles were prepared from 4T1 cells and stained with FITC PrS (GREED) and Cy5 annexin (RED). Arrows indicate vesicles staining with annexin only (RED arrow), PrS only (GREEN arrow) and both proteins (light arrow).

FIG. 6 Shows subcellular localization of PrS and annexin. A, B, apoptotic 4T1 cells were stained with FITC PrS (GREEN arrows) and Cy5 annexin (RED arrows); light arrows, co-localization. C, Possible apoptotic bodies.

FIG. 7 Shows internalization of PrS within 5 minutes. Apoptotic 4T1 cells were stained with FITC PrS (green) and Cy5 annexin (red) and imaged within 10 min of the addition of the proteins. A, Merged image. B, Hoescht nuclear stain alone.

FIG. 8 Shows BLI images of 4T1 tumors in mice.

FIG. 9 SPECT imaging of effect of doxorubicin on 4T1 tumors, using radiolabeled PrS and annexin. Mice with 4T1 breast cancer tumors were imaged with 99mTc PrS (A and B), or annexin (C and D), before (A and C) and 24 h after doxorubicin (B and D).

FIG. 10 Shows SPECT imaging of cyclohexamide-treated mice. Five mice per panel are shown before (A and C) and 24 h after (B and D) treatment. The mice were imaged with either ^(99m)Tc PrS (A and B), or annexin (C and D), Arrows indicate increased liver signal.

FIG. 11 Shows localization of Cy5 PrS to infected spleen. CD1 mice were infected with bioluminescent Listeria and imaged on day 2 post infection. The mice were injected with Cy5 PrS 30 min before sacrifice, and the spleens removed and frozen. Modestly infected (A) and control uninfected (C) mice are shown. Sections of the infected (B) and uninfected (D) spleens of each mouse in the Cy5 channel are shown, merged with phase contrast images.

FIG. 12 Shows localization of Cy5 PrS to tumors treated with doxorubicin. Mice implanted with 4T1 breast cancer tumors were treated with doxorubicin (right panels) or left untreated (left panels). 24 hours later the mice were injected intravenously with Cy5 PrS and sacrificed 30 min later. The tumors were removed, frozen, and sectioned for fluorescence microscopy. Merged Cy5/phase contrast images from four different mice are shown.

FIG. 13 Shows differentiation of TSCs. TSCs were cultured in the presence (left) or absence (right) of growth factors. Arrows in the right panel indicate giant cells characteristic of differentiation.

FIG. 14 Shows PrS staining of trophoblast stem cells and differentiated trophoblasts. Trophoblast stem cells (left) were differentiated into trophoblast giant cells (right) by withdrawal of growth factors. The cells were stained with Cy5 PrS and imaged.

FIG. 15 Shows MSC differentiation. MSC were treated as described in the text, for differentiation into adipocytes (upper panels) or osteoblasts (lower panels). Differentiated cells exhibited the expected morphology in each case.

FIG. 16 Shows MSCs stained with PrS (green), annexin (red), and Hoechst (blue). Cells were imaged within 10 min of addition of the stain mixture.

FIG. 17 Shows TSCs stained with PrS (green, lightest area), annexin (red, light around the cell membrane), and Hoechst (blue). Cells were imaged within 5 min of addition of the stain mixture.

FIG. 18 Shows differential staining of TSC vesicles. TSCs were stained as in FIG. 17. The group of cells are secreting large vesicles that stain with annexin (red) and not PrS (green).

FIG. 19 Shows PrS staining of C17.2 neural progenitor cells. The cells were stained with PrS-FITC and imaged with standard (non-confocal) microscopy.

FIG. 20 Shows internalization of PrS into TSC at 4C. FITC PrS (green) and Cy5 annexin (red) were added to TSC at 4C and imaged with confocal microscopy.

FIG. 21 Shows lineage-negative, SCA-1/c-kit staining cells from mouse bone marrow. The cells were not stained with either PI (propidium iodide; to detect dead cells) or PrS at this point in the analysis. Absence of staining for hematopoietic lineages (left panel) and staining of c-kit and SCA1 (right panel) defines the population of HSC, shown in green (lightest areas).

FIG. 22 PrS staining of long-term HSC. HSC were isolated as in FIG. 1, and stained with FITC PrS. SLAM pattern was determined with Cy7 (x-axis).

FIG. 23 PrS staining of short-term HSC. HSC were isolated as in FIG. 1, and stained with FITC PrS. SLAM pattern was determined with Cy7 (x-axis).

FIG. 24 Shows internalization of PrS in long-term HSC. HSC were prepared as described, stained for PrS, and examined with confocal microscopy.

Green (lightest areas), FITC PrS; blue, Hoescht nuclear stain; red, PI. Note that PI stain is excluded from the nucleus, indicating the cells are alive.

FIG. 25 Shows an example of dead HSC exhibiting nuclear PI.

FIG. 26 GLA-mediated uptake is non-toxic to cells.

This specification also includes sequences 1 to 6, in the associated

SEQUENCE LISTING

This project initiated the testing of labeled recombinant PrS as an in vivo imaging agent for SPECT (Single Photon Computed Tomography). Surprisingly it was found that the molecule rapidly internalized into apoptotic cells. This unexpected finding led us to explore the phenomenon further, whereupon we found that PrS was also internalized into a subset of non-apoptotic stem cells of several types.

PrS is protein S GLA domain and protein S EGF domain as shown in SEQ ID NO: 6.

Methods

For fluorescence, conjugation of Cy5 and FITC was achieved using Amersham (GE Heathcare) and Molecular Probes (Invitrogen) labeling kits, respectively, according to the instructions of the manufacturers. Both kits provide columns for the removal of unconjugated fluorophore. Initially, 0.77 mg of PrS (Fraction 2) in 1 ml and 0.77 mg of annexin in 1 ml were labeled with FITC to test for specificity of binding to apoptotic cells. For co-localization and competition studies 0.68 mg of PrS (Fraction 3) in 1 ml and 0.68 mg of annexin were labeled with Cy5. For confocal microscopy, 0.76 mg of PrS from the second shipment was labeled with FITC and the previously labeled Cy5-conjugated annexin was used. It should be noted that the precise efficiency of labeling was not determined and the recovery from the columns was assumed to be 85%, according to the instructions of the manufacturers of the labeling kits. Thus, the relative staining intensity of the two proteins in any case may reflect these contingencies. The cells were stained for 30 min initially, but it was subsequently determined that less than 5 min was sufficient. To test PrS for apoptotic cell-specificity, four breast cancer cell lines were initially employed; human MDA-231 and MCF7 and murine 4T1 and MET-1. Subsequently, COS-1 monkey kidney cells were also used. Apoptosis was induced with hydrogen peroxide or tertiary-Butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). The cells were plated in 24-well plates at 6×10⁴ cells per well or Eppendorf chamber slides at 1×10⁴ cells per well, and apoptosis was induced the next day, using 2 mM H₂O₂, or t-BHP for time points from 30 min to 2 hrs. After induction, the wells were washed with Annexin Binding Buffer (AB; Santa Cruz Biotech), and stained with labeled protein. From past experience and the literature, 5.5 μg/ml of annexin protein was used for staining. This amount was adjusted for equimolar addition of PrS by assuming the molecular weights of annexin to be 36 kD and the recombinant PrS to be 30 kD, based on the gel images provided. The cells were stained for 15 min. Hoechst 33342 dye was used for visualizing nucleic acid. The wells were then washed with AB and observed using the EVOS fluorescence microscope while still viable. For confocal microscopy, the Leica SP8 microscope in the Stanford Cell Sciences Imaging Facility was employed. The wells were then washed with AB and observed using the Leica sp8 microscope. Hoechst 33342 dye was used for visualizing nuclei. For toxicity studies, PrS was added to trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) and the viability tested with trypan blue using a Nexcelom Cellometer.

To test the labeled proteins for the ability to detect tumors, 5×10⁴ 4 T1-luc cells were implanted into groups of 5 male BALB/c mice, in the left axillary fat pad. The mice were imaged with in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) each day to monitor tumor growth, starting at 1 week post implantation. The mice were then treated on day 11 post implantation with 13 mg/kg body weight of intraperitoneal (IP) doxorubicin, and BLI was performed the next day. Control mice bearing tumors were left untreated with doxorubicin. 48 hrs post treatment the mice were imaged 1 hr after intravenous tracer injection (anesthesia 1.3 g/kg of urethane IP), with single head A-SPECT gamma camera (Gamma Medica); 1 mm pin hole collimator, 128 steps into a 128×128 imaging matrix, 15 seconds per step, 2.7 cm ROR; FOV=upper chest/neck. The injected dose of each protein was 160 μl (800 μCO. The animals were then sacrificed and biodistribution was performed. For the cyclohexamide treatment experiment, groups of 5 young (7 week old) male Swiss Webster mice were anesthetized (1.3 g/kg of urethane IP) and injected intravenously with 50 mg/kg cycloheximide. 1 hr 45 min after cycloheximide injection, tracer was injected (PrS=180 ul/1.2 mCi per dose; annexin V=170 μl/1.05 mCi per dose). 45 min after tracer injection, the mice were imaged with 10 min static whole body images using a single head parallel hole collimator (128×128 matrix) on the A-SPECT gamma camera.

To test for the specific localization of fluorescent PrS to apoptotic sites due to infection in live animals, CD1 mice were injected intravenously with bioluminescent Listeria monocytogenes. This bacterial pathogen infects many organs including the spleen, in which extensive apoptosis of monocytes and granulocytes occurs. At certain times post infection, spleen is the primary site of bacterial replication and so splenic BLI signals from the bacteria can be correlated with the localization of probes for apoptosis. Mice were infected and imaged each day. When splenic signals were evident (day 2 post infection for 2×10⁵ colony forming units of bacteria in 8 week old CD1 female mice), 300 mg/kg body mass of Cy5 PrS was injected into mice, the animals were sacrificed 30 min later, and the spleens removed, frozen in OCT, and sectioned for fluorescence microscopy. Uninfected control mice were employed.

Flow cytometry was performed by Charles Chan of the Irving Weissman laboratory. Freshly labeled FITC PrS, prepared as described above, was employed. Murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are routinely purified in this laboratory. The cells were isolated from normal mouse bone marrow by staining for c-Kit+, lineage-negative cells. To further characterize the cells, SLAM marker staining was also performed. These markers stain cells that self-renew and differentiate, whereas non-staining HSCs can only differentiate. Subsequent staining with FITC PrS revealed the percent positive in SLAM-staining cells, as shown in the Results. The cells were then sorted for FITC and examined with confocal microscopy, using Hoechst 33342 for nuclear visualization.

Results

To assess PrS binding specificity in the context of apoptosis in cell culture, we employed several human and murine breast cancer cell lines. Apoptosis was induced with peroxide as described above, and FITC PrS binding was assessed. Examples of these experiments are shown in FIG. 2. Untreated cells exhibited minimal binding, such as shown in panel B of FIG. 2. Concentrations of peroxide and incubation times were chosen such that only a minority of cells would be affected, because at higher concentrations and/or longer incubation times the cells detached and staining and microscopy was not possible. In addition, the presence of many unaffected cells served as an internal negative control within each field. FITC-annexin showed specificity for apoptosis similar to PrS, serving as an internal positive control. We then tested the two proteins for co-localization and competitive binding. For co-localization, both FITC and Cy5 labeled PrS and annexin were prepared. 4T1 cells were treated with peroxide and stained with Cy5 and FITC labeled PrS and annexin, using both combinations of fluorophores. The cells were then visualized in the EVOS fluorescence microscope. The results are shown in FIG. 3. Under the conditions tested, all the brightly staining cells exhibited staining with both proteins. However, whether using Cy5 or FITC, PrS appeared to stain some cells that annexin did not, albeit weakly (FIG. 3). The relative staining intensity of different cells by each protein sometimes differed between the two probes, i.e., sometimes annexin stained two cells with equal intensity and PrS did not, and vice versa (FIG. 3A, green arrow and insert). Thus, while both probes generally stained the same cells, they appeared to exhibit subtle differences. In the competition assay, increasing excess amounts of unlabeled annexin were pre-incubated with apoptotic 4T1 cells for 15 min and the cells were then stained with Cy5 PrS. Surprisingly, the staining of PrS was not blocked by even 1,000 fold excess of annexin, the highest excess amount tested (FIG. 3C), although these proteins are thought to bind to the same target molecule, exposed PS. Co-staining of annexin and PrS was observed with many cell types. While the two proteins generally stained the same cells in each cell type, other differences became apparent. In particular, some objects smaller than cells were differentially stained (FIG. 4). These objects, which were present in increased numbers after peroxide treatment, were interpreted as apoptotic bodies; membrane-bound cell fragments produced during the fragmentation of apoptotic cells. As shown in FIG. 4, PrS stained these entities, whereas annexin did not, although some of these objects did stain with both proteins. This observation was unexpected. To further explore the differential staining of sub cellular entities, extracellular vesicles (EVs) were prepared from 4T1 murine tumor cells using a standard centrifugation protocol. The two proteins also differentially stained these vesicles (FIG. 5), a result that may have biological and therapeutic implications.

EVs, specifically exosomes, microvesicles (MVs) and apoptotic bodies (ABs), are presumed to play key roles in cell-cell communication via transfer of biomolecules between cells. The biogenesis of these types of EVs differs, and they originate from either the endosomal (exosomes) or plasma membranes (MV) or are products of programmed cell death (ABs). All mammalian cells are thought to secrete EVs. Each type of EV can transfer molecular cargo to both neighboring and distant cells, affecting cellular behaviors such as those involved in tumor development and progression. In fact, EVs may play a role in nearly all the hallmarks of cancer, including sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppression, resisting cell death, reprogramming energy metabolism, acquiring genomic instability, and developing the tumor microenvironment. They have also been implicated in the induction of angiogenesis, control of invasion, initiation of premetastatic niches, sustaining inflammation, and evading immune surveillance. Immune cells appear to also communicate through EVs and my recognize EVs as signals from tumor cells, infected tissues and wounds. A deeper understanding of the biology of EVs and their contribution to the hallmarks of cancer is leading to new possibilities for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Development of additional EV surface markers is essential to advancing this field and PrS may be such a determinant.

Following these studies with fluorescence microscopy, the subcellular localization of the staining by PrS and annexin was then evaluated via confocal microscopy. Murine 4T1 cells (lacking the Luc-GFP reporters) were plated on 8-part chamber slides at 1×10⁴ cells per chamber and apoptosis was induced with 2 mM H₂O₂ or t-BHP (2 hr exposure) the next day. The cells were then washed and stained for 15 min with PrS and annexin. Hoechst 33342 dye was used to stain nucleic acid. In all cases, the most brightly staining cells were stained with both probes. However, in many cells labeled PrS was observed in the cytoplasm, whereas the labeled annexin was not (FIG. 6). Although annexin was internalized and appears in vesicles of a few cells, internalized annexin together with surface localized PrS in the same cell was not observed. These results were unexpected, because the two proteins are both presumed to bind PS. To further study the internalization of PrS, a time course experiment was performed. Apoptotic 4T1 cells were stained for 5 min with Cy5 annexin and FITC PrS, and observed within 5 min of the addition of the probes. PrS was observed in the cytoplasm of these cells immediately, indicating internalization within 5 min (FIG. 7). The time course images also showed that PrS and annexin did not always stain the same cells equally at early time points. The cells in FIG. 7 appear to be in different stages of apoptosis, as the cell on the left shows an uncondensed nucleus surrounded by an apparently intact nuclear membrane, whereas the right cell exhibits the strong staining often characteristic of chromatin condensation that occurs later in the apoptotic process. Staining patterns such as these may indicate that PrS binds earlier in apoptosis than annexin. Although purely conjecture at this point, such a preference would explain many of the differences between these proteins that have been observed so far. For example, the staining of some cells by PrS and not annexin, such as in FIGS. 3A and B may be due to PrS binding earlier in the process of apoptosis. To examine PrS localization in live animals, several experiments were performed. These studies employed chemical and infectious induction of apoptosis in vivo, as well as the localization of PrS to tumors treated with doxorubicin, which is known to induce apoptosis. SPECT imaging using HYNIC-labeled PrS and annexin was performed in animals given 4T1luc breast tumors and treated with doxorubicin. Because the 4T1 tumors have been labeled with luciferase, they can be imaged in mice using in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI). One of the images from this experiment is shown in FIG. 8. This method can be used to evaluate tumor implantation and to follow progression in individual animals over time. ^(99m)Tc labeled PrS and annexin were then employed for SPECT imaging of animals treated with doxorubicin and controls. An example of the results is shown in FIG. 9. The images of the head and thorax of the two animals show non-specific accumulation of the PrS probe in the salivary gland, and a low signal to noise ratio using this probe. Therefore the threshold of the display in the PrS images shown was lowered to reveal more background, resulting in the brighter false-color of the images. The low signal-to-noise ratio is likely due to HYNIC labeling of only 1 mg of protein, which is sub-optimal, and also due to the inability to perform controlled studies of HYNIC:protein labeling ratio.

SPECT imaging of mice treated with cyclohexamide, which induces apoptosis in the liver, was also performed (FIG. 10). In FIG. 10, the whole-body images of 5 mice are shown in each panel. As with many radiolabeled probes, background is seen in the kidneys. Treatment of the mice with cyclohexamide increased the annexin SPECT signal in the liver. Again, the PrS showed low signal compared to annexin. Annexin was able to detect the apoptotic livers of cyclohexamide treated mice, whereas PrS showed only slight increase of signal in the liver due to treatment. To test the localization of PrS to apoptotic tissues and treated tumors independently of SPECT imaging and the concomitant complications of HYNIC labeling, mice infected with bacteria that induce apoptotic responses and tumor bearing mice were injected with Cy5 PrS. For infection, we employed Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterial pathogen labeled with luciferase and well characterized for BLI. Characteristic BLI signals from the spleen provide for excellent co-localization studies. CD1 mice were infected as described above and were imaged with BLI on day 2 post infection. The mice were then injected with Cy5 PrS and 30 min later sacrificed, and the spleens removed for sectioning and fluorescence microscopy (FIG. 11). In all cases, splenic sections from infected mice showed much greater Cy5 fluorescence signals than controls. In FIG. 11, the infected mouse shown displayed low photon counts, indicating the infection had not yet progressed very far in this animal. Many mice exhibit 10 times this signal intensity from the spleen on this day. However, the Cy5 channel fluorescence was still very strong relative to the uninfected control shown. This result may reflect the ongoing innate immune response to infection, as granulocytes and macrophages have been shown to be the main source of annexin signal in such animals (these cells are programmed for apoptosis to limit tissue destruction).

The localization of fluorescent PrS to 4T1 tumors treated with doxorubicin was then tested. Mice implanted with tumors were treated with doxorubicin as described above and Cy5 PrS was injected intravenously 30 min prior to sacrifice and removal of the tumors for sectioning and fluorescence microscopy. The results are shown in FIG. 12. Areas of intense staining were observed in the treated animals, whereas more modest signal was observed from the untreated tumor sections. Although some untreated tumors did exhibit small areas of higher signal than background, no signals of similar intensity to the treated tumors were observed in any of the untreated sections.

Stem cells are distinct in phenotype from differentiated cells and may express PS non-apoptotically to avoid the induction of immune responses. Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) differentiate into several types of trophoblasts in culture. TSCs are prepared from mouse uterine scrapings grown in the presence of fibroblast growth factor, activin, and heparin. TSCs spontaneously differentiate into giant cells when these factors are removed from the medium (FIG. 13). TSCs stained with PrS, whereas differentiated trophoblasts derived from these cells in culture did not stain (FIG. 14). We have also determined that PrS is internalized into stem cells without apoptotic induction. This result confirms observations made in tumor cell lines, in which apoptosis was induced. Without induction of apoptosis, minimal staining was observed in tumor cells. To test for internalization in stem cells, we employed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and TSCs. MSCs were prepared from mouse bone marrow. The bone marrow was flushed from mice and cultured for 6 days in the absence of growth factors. During this incubation, MSCs and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) replicate, whereas fibroblasts adhere but do not multiply beyond a few generations. After 6 days, a monolayer is visible. Upon passage by trypsinization, the adherent MSCs are retained, whereas the HSCs, which grow in suspension, are lost. The fibroblasts do not persist due to absence of growth factors and are also not retained. Thus, this simple procedure results in a nearly homogeneous population of MSCs. To confirm the identity of these cells, we treated the cultures separately with dexamethasone and glycerol phosphate (to induce differentiation into osteoblasts) or dexamethasone and indomethacin (to induce differentiation into adipocytes). The results are shown in FIG. 15. In response to the above treatments, differentiated cells showed the appearance of the respective cells. Adipocytes contained large fat vesicles and osteoblasts were dark with distinctive intracellular collagen and mineralization.

To assess subcellular staining pattern, undifferentiated MSC were stained with PrS and annexin, as well as Hoechst nuclear staining reagent, and observed with confocal microscopy. Results of the observations are shown in FIG. 16. PrS was rapidly internalized. In the case of MSC, about 1 in 20 cells stained with PrS, consistent with previous data, however the precise percentage that stained was not determined. The morphology of MSCs is heterogeneous, and thee cells secrete abundant material into the medium, some of which adheres to the surface of the chamber slide, making resulting in background in some of the images. Nonetheless, the data clearly show internalized PrS, within 5 minutes of addition and annexin on the surface. TSCs were also stained and imaged as was done with the MSCs. The observations confirm internalization into these cells as well, which also occurs within 5 minutes of addition of the protein. The results are shown in FIG. 17. TSCs are morphologically quite variable, and can be multinucleate in the absence of differentiation, as can be seen in the figure. As with the MSCs, these primary cells shed abundant material into the medium, some of which we have established as extracellular vesicles (previous data). This material again makes the imaging difficult. Some EVs stain with annexin and not PrS, and this phenomenon can be seen in TSCs, in FIG. 18. In this image of a cluster of TSCs, vesicles being released by the cells stain with annexin and not PrS, which is internalized. These patterns raise interesting questions regarding the specificity and binding targets of PrS and annexin. The two proteins are both reputed to bind PS. However, the differential binding to EVs as well as distinct subcellular localization patterns suggest that they are not binding in exactly the same manner. Further studies will be required to establish the basis of this distinction, which may prove to be significant. We have also observed PrS staining of the neural progenitor cell line C17.2 (FIG. 19), which is a transformed cell line capable of differentiation in vitro into astrocytes and other neuronal cells. Approximately 5% of these transformed cells stained, although this percentage is an estimate. Remarkably, entry into TSCs occurred even when the cells were chilled to 4° C. (FIG. 20). However, it must be noted that the chamber could not be continually chilled once placed on the microscope. Nevertheless, the temperature could not have risen much within the 5 min time frame of the imaging procedure. This result, while provocative, must clearly be repeated under more controlled conditions. Should the finding be substantiated, the mechanism would have to be very interesting indeed.

We have succeeded in staining hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) with PrS. Using flow cytometry we determined that HSC stain with PrS, and have observed internalization of PrS in these cells with confocal microscopy. HSC were identified and isolated using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The cells were identified in bone marrow as lineage-negative, SCA/c-kit positive cells (FIG. 21). These were then stained with FITC-PrS. Two populations of HSC, short-term and long-term, can be identified with the pattern of SLAM marker staining. The SLAM (Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule) markers CD48, CD150, CD229 and CD244 differentially stain HSC with distinct patterns such that SLAM pattern-positive staining is indicative of the ability to both self-renew and differentiate, whereas SLAM pattern-negative HSC can only differentiate. PrS stained a subset of long-term HSC (FIG. 22), and also short-term HSC (FIG. 23). The cells shown are propidium iodide (PI)-negative, meaning that they are all live cells. This result confirms previous experiments demonstrating that a subset of stem cells stains with PrS without the induction of apoptosis.

We then proceeded to test for internalization of PrS into HSC. This experiment was complicated by many factors. Perhaps the most difficult was the survival in culture of HSC, which die in large numbers in medium overnight. We therefore had to time the experiment such that flow cytometry analysis and confocal microscopy occurred on the same day. Furthermore, the cells are not adherent, making microscopy less than optimal. To make microscopy more efficient, the cells were resuspended in a small drop of medium. Finally, we needed to make sure that the PrS-stained cells analyzed by microscopy were still alive. Many HSC died during the processes of analysis and isolation. Therefore, PI was added and scanned in addition to the Hoescht nuclear stain, and another channel was employed. The presence of PI-bright nuclei indicated dead cells. Despite these difficulties and the complexities of timing, we were able to perform the experiment, and confirmed internalization of PrS into live HSC (FIG. 24). The cells were confirmed as alive by lack of nuclear PI staining. However, some cells were dead or dying as shown in FIG. 25. Despite the complexity and length of the experiment shown, the results show internalization.

Finally, in FIG. 26, we have performed preliminary toxicity studies on TSC, and determined that at a concentration of 135 μg/ml, viability was reduced only by a very minimal extent after 30 min, from 78% to 74%, relative to PBS. Considering that, at this level, 10% of the culture volume was PrS-containing solution, this result confirmed our qualitative observations that PrS is basically non-toxic to stem cells, and the minor toxicity observed could well be due to contaminating contents of the preparation itself. Lower concentrations of PrS showed no effect on viability. The highest level of protein tested was more than 1000 times the concentration used for staining. While full toxicity studies, which were not formally part of this project, will require much more extensive tests, in our hands PrS exhibits very little toxicity.

Summary

The above results have shown that PrS is rapidly internalized into an array of cells expressing PrS, including stem cells of many types, which suggests that PrS possesses unique characteristics amenable to manipulation toward the goal of developing a therapeutic agent. In addition, the difference in specificity between PrS and annexin such as seen in FIGS. 3 and 7 suggests that binding itself is different between these two proteins. The mere fact that annexin is a tetramer and PrS is a monomer cannot explain these differences and these data suggest that some other component on the cell surface may be involved in PrS binding. The mechanism of binding, specificity, and internalization of PrS, as well as the capability of modular manipulation provide a host of possibilities.

Example 2

Stem cells are distinct in phenotype from differentiated cells and may express PS non-apoptotically to avoid the induction of immune responses. Stem cells were stained with a GLA domain molecule of the present disclosure comprising a payload of a fluorescent label, without the induction of apoptosis.

Trophoblast stem cells, (FIG. 14) which differentiate into several types of trophoblasts in the placenta, stained with Protein S, whereas differentiated trophoblasts derived from these cells in culture did not stain. The stain was able to distinguish between in vivo differentiated stems cells and cells differentiated in vitro.

This data the molecules of the present disclosure may be employed to target cells in vivo or in ex vivo samples.

CONCLUSIONS

Protein S was shown to bind apoptotic cells, employing a variety of cell types. Background staining of non-apoptotic control cells was minimal. Protein S staining was also compared to that of annexin, using several cell types. Interestingly, Protein S was found to stain apparent apoptotic bodies that did not stain at all with annexin. This result was unexpected; Protein S and annexin both bind PS and were not expected to exhibit differences in specificity. Further evidence of such differences was the failure of 1,000-fold excess annexin to prevent Protein S binding. Again, this result was difficult to understand if the two proteins bind exactly the same molecular target. Using confocal microscopy, subcellular localization studies of Protein S and annexin showed striking differences between these two proteins, even within the same cell. Whereas annexin was largely surface localized, Protein S was almost always found within the cells, in a variety of cell types. This suggests that Protein S may be developed as a biodelivery vehicle. Time course experiments clearly demonstrated that Protein S internalized within 10 minutes of binding. These experiments also provide possible evidence that Protein S binds earlier in the apoptotic process that annexin. The rapid uptake clearly warrants further studies into this interesting mechanism, which may have significant implications for the development of Protein S as a biodelivery agent. Protein S was also labeled with HYNIC conjugated ^(99m)Tc, for SPECT imaging of apoptotic tumors and chemically induced liver apoptosis, in comparison to similarly labeled annexin and a modest increase in liver signal of ^(99m)Tc Protein S was observed in cyclohexamide-treated animals. In both Listeria and breast cancer models, Cy5 Protein S preferentially localized to apoptotic tissues, exhibiting strong signal to noise in both cases.

In summary, Protein S has shown specificity for apoptosis in cell culture and in vivo. Remarkably, this protein exhibits distinct specificity and cellular localization compared to annexin with internalization of Protein S, which occurs rapidly an aspect that warrants further exploration.

REFERENCES

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1. A method of intra-cellular delivery of a payload said method comprising the step of contacting cells with a molecule comprising: a. a payload linked to a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid component (GLA-component) wherein said GLA-component comprises a GLA domain or an active fragment thereof, and does not comprise an active catalytic domain from a GLA protein.
 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein GLA domain or active fragment thereof is independently selected from thrombin, factor VII, factor IX, factor X, protein C, protein S, protein Z, Osteocalcin, Matrix GLA protein, GAS6, Transthretin, Periostin, Proline rich GLA 1, Proline rich GLA 2, Proline rich GLA 3 and Proline rich GLA
 4. 3. A method according to claim 1, wherein GLA domain or active fragment thereof is from protein S.
 4. A method according to claim 1, wherein the construct comprises an EGF domain selected from thrombin, factor VII, factor IX, factor X, protein C, protein S, protein Z, Osteocalcin, Matrix GLA protein, GAS6, Transthretin, Periostin, Proline rich GLA 1, Proline rich GLA 2, Proline rich GLA 3 and Proline rich GLA
 4. 5. A method according to claim 4, wherein the construct comprises an EGF domain selected from protein S.
 6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the GLA-component comprises a sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 6 or a derivative thereof without the his-tag.
 7. A method according to claim 1, wherein the GLA-domain component further comprises a Kringle domain.
 8. A method according to claim 7, wherein the Kringle domain is from a protein selected from the group comprising Activating transcription factor 2 (ATF); Factor XII (F12); thrombin (F2); Hyaluronan-binding protein 2 (HABP2); Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF); Hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFAC); Kremen protein 1 (KREMEN1); KREMEN2; Lipoprotein(a) (LPA); LPAL2; Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP or MST1); Phosphoinositide-3-kinase-interacting protein 1 (PIK3IP1); Tissue plasminogen activator (PLAT); Urokinase (PLAU); Plasmin (PLG); PRSS12; Tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor ROR1 (ROR1); and Tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor ROR2 (ROR2).
 9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the method is performed in vitro.
 10. A method according to claim 1, wherein the intracellular delivery is to a cell in vivo, for example wherein the molecule comprising the GLA component and the payload are administered to a patient.
 11. A method according to claim 1, wherein the cell is non-apoptotic.
 12. A method according to claim 1, wherein the cell is apoptotic.
 13. A method according to claim 1, wherein the cell is a stem cell. 14-17. (canceled)
 18. A method according to claim 1, wherein the GLA-component is conjugated to the payload.
 19. A method according to claim 1, wherein the payload comprises a drug or biological therapeutic, for example, an anti-viral drug, anti-bacterial drug, anti-parasitic agent, anti-cancer drug, an anti-cancer therapy, such as a chemotherapeutic agent.
 20. A method according to claim 1, wherein the payload comprises a toxin, a polymer(for example synthetic or naturally occurring polymers), biologically active proteins (for example enzymes, other antibody or antibody fragments), a drug (small molecule (chemical entity), chemotherapeutic agent), radionuclides (particularly radioiodide, radioisotopes, such as ^(99m)Tc) a metal chelating agent, nanoparticles and reporter groups (such as fluorescent or luminescent labels or compounds which may be detected by NMR or ESR spectroscopy).
 21. A method according to claim 1, which comprises administering the molecule comprising the GLA component and payload to a cancer patient.
 22. A method according to claim 21, wherein the cancer is an epithelial cancer, for example colorectal cancer, testicular cancer, liver cancer, biliary tract cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, melanoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, gastric cancer, oesophageal cancer, thyroid cancer, renal cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer or lung cancer or alternatively the cancer may be a haematological cancer, for example leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma and chronic myeloproliferative diseases, such as AML.
 23. A method according to claim 19, wherein the drug is an antiviral agent, an anti-parasitic agent or an antibacterial agent. 24-25. (canceled)
 26. A method according to claim 1, wherein the payload is converted to an active form inside the cell. 